Trends in animal use and animal alternatives.

The Third World Congress (1999, Bologna) celebrated the fortieth anniversary of the publication of Russell & Burch's The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. There was the general notion that the Three Rs offer a unifying concept that contributes to a progressive reduction and refinement in animal use without compromising the quality of research, human health or the protection of the environment. The Bologna Three Rs Declaration was accepted unanimously, calling upon all parties involved to incorporate the Three Rs into animal-based research.

Anti-major histocompatibility complex immunity detected prior to intentional alloimmunization. I. Naturally occurring H-2-specific antibodies in C57BL/KaLwRij (H-2b) mice.

Naturally occurring, H-2-specific, lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in 3-10% of young adult and in 10-40% of aged C57BL/KaLwRij (H-2b) mice. The antibodies were of the IgM class and occurred in low titers, but occasionally a high titer was found. The antibodies detected public lymphocyte-membrane antigens controlled by genes identical with, or closely linked to class-I H-2K and H-2D genes.

Naturally occurring leukemia viruses in H-2 congenic C57BL mice. I. High lymphoma incidence following milk-borne transmission of virus.

Two modes of transmission of ecotropic type C viruses occur naturally in C57BL mice: maternal (i.e., through milk) and genetic.