Expression of the epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated genes EVER1 and EVER2 is activated by exogenous DNA and inhibited by LMP1 oncoprotein from Epstein-Barr virus.

EVER1 and EVER2 are mutated in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients, who are susceptible to human betapapillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is unknown whether their products control the infection of other viruses. Here, we show that the expression of both genes in B cells is activated immediately after Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, whereas at later stages, it is strongly repressed via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1).

Prediction models of silage fermentation products on crop composition under strict anaerobic conditions: a meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis was conducted to establish linkages between crop and fermentation variables. Data from well-controlled mini silage studies were used in which no additives had been used and no ingress of air had occurred. The silage set consisted of data on crop chemical composition and epiphytic lactic acid bacteria count, and fermentation products (organic acids, alcohols, and ammonia-N) from 118 silages made from 30 grass, 7 legume, 15 grass and legume mixtures, and 66 whole-crop maize samples.

Relationship between condensed tannin structures and their ability to precipitate feed proteins in the rumen.

Background: Tannins can bind to and precipitate protein by forming insoluble complexes resistant to fermentation and with a positive effect on protein utilisation by ruminants. Three protein types, Rubisco, rapeseed protein and bovine serum albumin (a single high-molecular weight protein), were used to test the effects of increasing concentrations of structurally different condensed tannins on protein solubility/precipitation.

Results: Protein type (PT) influenced solubility after addition of condensed tannins (P < 0.

Effect of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) silage on intake and nutrient digestibility in cattle fed rice straw and cottonseed cake.

Four crossbred Sindhi heifers with an average body weight (BW) of 135 kg and a mean age of 17 months were used to investigate the effect of feeding different combinations of rice straw and ensiled water hyacinth (EWH) supplemented with a source of protein in the form of cottonseed cake (CSC) on intake and digestibility. Four treatments consisting of graded levels of EWH were arranged in a 4×4 Latin square. The levels of EWH were set at: 0 (EWH0), 15 (EWH15), 30 (EWH30), and 45% (EWH45) of an expected total dietary dry matter (DM) intake of 30 g total DM per kg BW per day.

Degradation of two soluble proteins--casein and egg protein by a macro in vitro method.

Degradation of casein and egg protein was studied with whole rumen contents (RC) in a macro in vitro system to elucidate previous findings of initial rapid disappearance of soluble proteins in vitro. Five to 7.5 kg of RC from a dry and/or a lactating cow were incubated with buffer and casein or egg protein for 180 min with frequent sampling.