Codon bias, nucleotide selection, and genome size predict in situ bacterial growth rate and transcription in rewetted soil.

In soils, the first rain after a prolonged dry period represents a major pulse event impacting soil microbial community function, yet we lack a full understanding of the genomic traits associated with the microbial response to rewetting. Genomic traits such as codon usage bias and genome size have been linked to bacterial growth in soils-however, often through measurements in culture. Here, we used metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with O-water stable isotope probing and metatranscriptomics to track genomic traits associated with growth and transcription of soil microorganisms over one week following rewetting of a grassland soil.

Strong Anionic Fluorene Donor-Acceptor Copolyelectrolytes from Protected Hydrophobic Precursors.

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), materials that are defined by a -conjugated backbone and charged ionic functional groups, are frequently prepared through direct polymerization of charged monomer species in aqueous media. This route is, however, often accompanied by labor-intensive work-up procedures, low yields, and ultimately results in materials that are difficult to characterize. To overcome these inconveniences, in this work protection chemistry is applied on sulfonate-functionalized fluorene monomers that are polymerized under standard Suzuki polycondensation conditions to obtain protected donor-acceptor copolymers.

Reliability of colour Doppler ultrasonography of the major salivary glands in Sjögren's disease.

Objectives: To analyse intraobserver and interobserver reliability of colour Doppler (CD) ultrasonography of the major salivary glands (SGUS) in patients clinically suspected of Sjögren's disease (SjD).

Methods: One hundred consecutive outpatients visiting the University Medical Center Groningen for a diagnostic trajectory because of a suspicion of SjD were evaluated using CD ultrasonography of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands. All images were independently assessed by four observers (two experienced observers, one lesser experienced resident, one inexperienced trainee) in two sessions using the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) CD scoring system (scale 0-3).