[Access to kidney transplantation's waiting list: Setting up a clinical pathway].

Early information about the kidney transplant is recommended to begin quickly the process of registration on the kidney transplantation waiting list, even for the patients not dialyzed at stage V of the renal insufficiency. It is a strategic choice for the patient care. From the arrival of all the patients in our center of dialysis, a systematic evaluation of the access to the kidney transplant waiting list is organized thanks to a clinical pathway.

Role of rumen protozoa in nitrogen digestion in sheep given two isonitrogenous diets.

1. The effect of protozoa on digestion in the rumen was studied using either defaunated or faunated sheep. 2.

Colonic metabolism of wheat starch in healthy humans. Effects on fecal outputs and clinical symptoms.

To study the intracolonic digestion of starch, 5 healthy volunteers were maintained on a constant diet for 7 days. On the fourth day, the cecum was intubated and a suspension of raw wheat starch (50 g, in 500 ml of 154 mM NaCl and containing 10 g of polyethylene glycol 4000) was infused into the distal ileum at 2 ml/min. Hydrogen excretion in breath was measured, cecal contents were sampled, and symptoms were recorded.

[The rumen fermenter].

The two main pregastric compartments of ruminants (rumen and reticulum) can be compared to an anaerobic fermenter which allows them to use energetic and nitrogen substrates which are indigestible by monogastric animals. The aim of this bibliographic review is to describe the main features (characteristics) of this fermenter, focusing on the role of microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi), on the degradation of cell-wall carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances), on nitrogen digestion and finally on the utilisation of the major minerals and trace elements.