Classifying, diagnosing, and treating the complications of resurfacing the facial skin.

Resurfacing describes a broad range of treatments meant to address visible signs of aging within the skin. This can be achieved by inducing damage in the epidermis, reticular dermis, or even into the papillary dermis. The body's ability to repair that damage is responsible for the result.

Surgical management of concavities of the distal nose.

Normal topographic anatomy of the distal nose is a reflection of the delicate integration between the lower lateral cartilage, the upper lateral cartilage, the sep-tum, and skin. Understanding these relationships will help the rhinoplasty surgeon diagnose and treat con-cavities of the distal nose. Most patients present with a hybrid of these defects.

Anatomical guides to precisely localize the frontal branch of the facial nerve.

Objective: To define the relationship between the frontal branch of the facial nerve and a series of blood vessels that are encountered during endoscopic forehead procedures.

Design: Anatomical study using 6 fresh cadavers (12 sides).

Results: In 11 of 12 dissected specimens, the blood vessels in the temporal region were found to lie within 2 mm of the frontal branch of the facial nerve.

Proptosis after retrobulbar corticosteroid injections.

Purpose: This report describes the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings in patients with proptosis secondary to lipomatosis after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection.

Design: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series and review of the literature.

Methods: Five patients who developed symptomatic unilateral proptosis after steroid injection were studied and the literature was reviewed.