Metabolic consequences of increasing energy intake by adding lipid to parenteral nutrition in full-term infants.

The effect on energy metabolism and fuel utilization of increasing energy intake by adding intravenous lipid to a glucose and amino acid regimen was examined. Twenty fullterm, appropriate-for-gestational-age, intravenously fed neonates were entered into one of two groups: total energy intake was 261 kJ.kg-1 x d-1 (62 kcal.

Organisation of perinatal/neonatal care.

There is no single system, whether state run, private or mixed, that consistently produces superior perinatal results (131), although these usually emanate from jurisdictions with regionalised or centralised comprehensive antenatal and natal care, as opposed to haphazard systems of care. Again the literature is "more description than evaluation, possibly because the latter requires comparative studies or audits which have not caught up with the new technology" (132). Changes in the organisation and delivery of reproductive health care since 1960, combined with advances in treatment, have apparently had an impact on the outcome of pregnancy and newborn care, resulting in reductions in perinatal mortality, mainly through their influence on birthweight-specific mortality.

Assumptions used in measurements of energy metabolism.

The knowledge that the chemical burning of nutrients and the oxidation of nutrients in animals were similar energy-releasing processes laid the foundations for the study of energy metabolism by direct and indirect calorimetry. The early development of calorimetry and its pioneers will be reviewed.