Environmental Surveillance of . in an Italian University Hospital: results of 7 years of analysis.

Introduction: Nosocomial structures pose a high risk of . contamination due to complex water systems with challenging disinfection; moreover, the risk of severe legionellosis as a consequence of nosocomial exposure is very high in settings characterized by vulnerable patient conditions.

Methods: In the present work, we described the results of 7 years of environmental surveillance in a reference hospital in Liguria, in which a specific water safety plan (WSP) has been implemented in 2017, including data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Policy driven changes in animal research practices: mapping researchers' attitudes towards animal-free innovations using the Netherlands as an example.

Background: Reducing the number of animals used in experiments has become a priority for the governments of many countries. For these reductions to occur, animal-free alternatives must be made more available and, crucially, must be embraced by researchers.

Methods: We conducted an international online survey for academics in the field of animal science ( = 367) to explore researchers' attitudes towards the implementation of animal-free innovations.

Biorefinery of the macroalgae : extraction of proteins and carbohydrates by mild disintegration.

The effect of osmotic shock, enzymatic incubation, pulsed electric field, and high shear homogenization on the release of water-soluble proteins and carbohydrates from the green alga was investigated in this screening study. For osmotic shock, both temperature and incubation time had a significant influence on the release with an optimum at 30 °C for 24 h of incubation. For enzymatic incubation, pectinase demonstrated being the most promising enzyme for both protein and carbohydrate release.

Energy efficient bead milling of microalgae: Effect of bead size on disintegration and release of proteins and carbohydrates.

The disintegration of three industry relevant algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Neochloris oleoabundans and Tetraselmis suecica) was studied in a lab scale bead mill at different bead sizes (0.3-1mm). Cell disintegration, proteins and carbohydrates released into the water phase followed a first order kinetics.

Selective extraction of intracellular components from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by combined pulsed electric field-temperature treatment.

The synergistic effect of temperature (25-65 °C) and total specific energy input (0.55-1.11 kWh kgDW(-1)) by pulsed electric field (PEF) on the release of intracellular components from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was studied.