Overview of HIV treatment failure in Africa using the WHO Pharmacovigilance data.

Objective: To characterise the factors associated with HIV treatment failure (HIVTF) from reported pharmacovigilance data in Africa.

Materials And Methods: This is an observational pharmacovigilance analysis of the safety data of HIVTF available in the WHO International Pharmacovigilance database 'VigiBase '. We used the Standardised MedDRA Queries (SMQ) to identify all the terms corresponding to HIVTF.

Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis is Not Associated with a Higher Occurrence of Atazanavir Treatment Failure: Analysis of Worldwide Pharmacovigilance Data.

Unlabelled: [Background: Cotrimoxazole is the main antibiotic used in HIV-infected patients for the prophylaxis of opportunistic infections. This antibiotic is prescribed in patients receiving antiretroviral agents (ART) such as Atazanavir (ATV), a protease inhibitor used with other ART classes. The objective of this study was to compare HIV treatment failure (HIVTF) in HIV-infected patients treated concomitantly with ATV and cotrimoxazole to those of patients treated only with ATV.

Higher Atazanavir Plasma Exposure in Rats is Associated with Gut Microbiota Changes Induced by Cotrimoxazole.

Background: Cotrimoxazole (TMP-SMX) is concomitantly used as a primary prophylaxis of opportunistic infections with antiretroviral agents, such as Atazanavir (ATV). Results from an ex vivo study showed changes in intestinal absorption of ATV when rats were pretreated with TMP-SMX. The objective of this in vivo study is to determine the effect of TMP-SMX on the pharmacokinetics of ATV in rats.

Oral administration of viable Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain Patronus modified colonic microbiota and increased mucus layer thickness in rat.

This study aimed at evaluating the alteration of the colonic microbiota and the changes in the mucus layer thickness induced by oral administration of living bifidobacteria in rats. The study was performed on rats fed with Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain Patronus (1010 bacteria per day for 7 days). This bacterial administration led to a large increase of mucus thickness (57%, P < 0.

Structural robustness of the gut mucosal microbiota is associated with Crohn's disease remission after surgery.

Objectives: Preventing postoperative recurrence after ileocolonic resection (ICR) for Crohn's disease (CD) is challenging. Defining the disturbances of the microbial composition and community structure after ICR and their link with early disease recurrence is crucial.

Design: Microbiota composition (fingerprinting and 16S rDNA sequencing) and community structure (correlation networks of bacterial species) were assessed from ileal mucosa sampled in 20 patients undergoing ICR and 6 months later during endoscopy from above (neoterminal ileum) and below (subanastomotic colon) the surgical anastomosis.