Kinesthetic and visual image in modeling closed motor skills: the example of the tennis serve.

It was assumed that kinesthetic modeling has more beneficial effects on learning the tennis serve than visual modeling because the spatial anchor points used to reach targets within the vicinity of the body are mainly defined with respect to the body. Also, we predicted that the efficiency of modeling is also affected by the way the representations are activated mentally. Thirty two participants were assigned to kinesthetic or visual modeling with or without mental practice.