Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry.

DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally used long (400-800 base pair) reads, but the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intraspecies genetic variation. Here we report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost.

Parallel confocal detection of single molecules in real time.

The confocal detection principle is extended to a highly parallel optical system that continuously analyzes thousands of concurrent sample locations. This is achieved through the use of a holographic laser illumination multiplexer combined with a confocal pinhole array before a prism dispersive element used to provide spectroscopic information from each confocal volume. The system is demonstrated to detect and identify single fluorescent molecules from each of several thousand independent confocal volumes in real time.

Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced cutaneous blood flow in type 2 diabetes.

Impaired blood flow to skin contributes to foot ulceration and amputation. The overall objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between chronic physical activity and skin blood flow in Type 2 diabetes. To do so, diabetic and control subjects were separated into four groups based on a physical activity questionnaire: control exerciser (CE), control sedentary (CS), diabetic exerciser (DE), and diabetic sedentary (DS) subjects.

Primary nociceptive afferents mediate the blood flow dysfunction in non-glabrous (hairy) skin of type 2 diabetes: a new model for the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction.

Objective: To test the independent contributions of vascular endothelium, sympathetic activation and inhibition, vessel distensibility, and nociceptor-mediated vasodilation in both glabrous and hairy skin circulations.

Research Design And Methods: We measured blood flow using laser Doppler techniques in 10 people with type 2 diabetes and 10 age- and BMI-matched healthy control subjects at the pulp of the index finger (glabrous skin) and the dorsum of the hand (hairy skin). A 5-min ischemic block of the arm was used to test vascular endothelium.

Normal blood flow response and vasomotion in the diabetic Charcot foot.

Vasomotion, the spontaneous rhythmic contraction exhibited by small arteries and arterioles is dysregulated in patients with diabetic neuropathy. We examined the relationship between Charcot arthropathy and vasomotion at the dorsum of the foot. We studied nine diabetic patients with clinically diagnosed neuropathy and Charcot arthropathy in 13 feet (n=13), twelve subjects with diabetic neuropathy and no Charcot deformity (n=12), and 11 healthy controls (n=11).