Behavior is Influenced by Cycad Plant Age, Providing Odor Samples in a Y-tube Olfactometer.

The scale predator Blaisdell was introduced to Guam and Rota to control invasive Takagi armored scale infestations on the native K.D. Hill populations.

Diversity in (Cycadales: Cycadaceae) Species Offered as Larval Food Influences Fecundity of (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Adults.

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) larval food quality was studied to determine its influence on adult life history traits. A wild population from (Cycadales: Cycadaceae) endemic habitat behaved similarly to the population collected from a garden setting. , and leaves were used as high-quality food, whereas , and leaves were used as low-quality food.

Chilades pandava mothers discriminate among Cycas species during oviposition choice tests, but only in an endemic naïve population.

Host and non-host plant species communicate with insect herbivores to influence oviposition decisions. We studied if Chilades pandava female adults expressed oviposition preferences among host Cycas species in 2 choice tests, counting 39,420 eggs among assays from 4 butterfly populations. A naïve butterfly population from Cycas nongnoochiae habitat oviposited 2.

Issues in the classification of multimodal communication signals.

Communication involves complex behavior in multiple sensory channels, or "modalities." We provide an overview of multimodal communication and its costs and benefits, place examples of signals and displays from an array of taxa, sensory systems, and functions into our signal classification system, and consider issues surrounding the categorization of multimodal signals. The broadest level of classification is between signals with redundant and nonredundant components, with finer distinctions in each category.

Predation: Prey plumage adaptation against falcon attack.

Several plumage types are found in feral pigeons (Columba livia), but one type imparts a clear survival advantage during attacks by the swiftest of all predators--the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Here we use quantitative field observations and experiments to demonstrate both the selective nature of the falcon's choice of prey and the effect of plumage coloration on the survival of feral pigeons. This plumage colour is an independently heritable trait that is likely to be an antipredator adaptation against high-speed attacks in open air space.