Perindopril and losartan affect ACE-2 and IL- 6 expression in obese rat model.

Obesity has emerged as a worldwide health concern due to its increasing prevalence. Adipocytes have the ability to express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors (ACE2) and several adipocytokines. These expressions could lead to the activation of a cytokine storm, which in turn promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Perindopril decreases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in human adipocytes exposed to SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein.

The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the adipose tissues of obese patients needs further study, as it may aid infection and serve as a viral reservoir. There has been controversy over whether to use ACE inhibitors to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Perindopril, an ACE2 inhibitor, has been proposed; however, its relationship with COVID-19 has not yet been clear.

Angiogenesis outcomes of metformin utilization in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To review relevant literature regarding the role of metformin in angiogenesis among diabetic patients.

Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis conducted from May to September 2022, and comprised search on Medline, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Web of Science, EBSCOhost and Cochrane Library databases. The studies included were published in the English language and were human studies having angiogenesis endothelial markers as the outcomes of interest among patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing metformin therapy.

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure on ACE2 and interleukin 6 productions in human adipocytes: An in-vitro study.

Since adipocytes play a crucial role in pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to their interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), obesity is associated with an increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality. Discovery of ACE2 as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor raises a controversy about whether to use ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) could be an optional therapy to prevent cytokine storms. Studies assessing the expressions of ACE2 and IL-6 upon exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is therefore important as a basis for therapeutical trials in the future.

Perindopril and losartan attenuate pro-coagulation factors in human adipocytes exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Thrombotic events are highly prevalent in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially in patients presenting with risk factors of adverse outcomes such as obesity. Recently, the associations between the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) pathway and thrombosis have been reported. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used cardiovascular pharmacologic agents that upregulate ACE2 levels.