Neural Correlates of Irritability and Potential Moderating Effects of Inhibitory Control.

Background: Irritability affects up to 20% of youth and is a primary reason for referral to pediatric mental health clinics. Irritability is thought to be associated with disruptions in processing of reward, threat, and cognitive control; however, empirical study of these associations at both the behavioral and neural level have yielded equivocal findings that may be driven by small sample sizes and differences in study design. Associations between irritability and brain connectivity between cognitive control and reward- or threat-processing circuits remain understudied.

Significance of lignin and fungal markers in the Devonian (407 Ma) Rhynie Chert.

The Rhynie Chert (Lower Devonian, Scotland) hosts a remarkably well-preserved early terrestrial ecosystem. Organisms including plants, fungi, arthropods, and bacteria were rapidly silicified due to inundation by silica-rich hot spring fluids. Exceptional molecular preservation has been noted by many authors, including some of the oldest evidence of lignin in the fossil record.

Attentional selection and communication through coherence: Scope and limitations.

Synchronous neural oscillations are strongly associated with a variety of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes. It has been proposed that the role of the synchronous oscillations in these processes is to facilitate information transmission between brain areas, the 'communication through coherence,' or CTC hypothesis. The details of how this mechanism would work, however, and its causal status, are still unclear.

Retention in Junior Giants, a sport-based youth development program: what factors are associated with intentions to return?

Introduction: While evaluation research shows that physical activity-based youth development (PA-PYD) programs can have a positive impact on social and emotional growth, less is known about which participants return year after year and what factors are associated with their continued participation. The Junior Giants is a sport-based youth development program for 5-18-year-old boys and girls that is non-competitive and free to participate. The 8-week program uses baseball and softball as platforms for teaching life skills and fostering social emotional competencies.

Combined and sequential exposure to prenatal second hand smoke and postnatal maternal distress is associated with cingulo-opercular global efficiency and attention problems in school-age children.

Background: Prenatal exposure to secondhand (environmental) tobacco smoke (SHS) is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including altered functional activation of cognitive control brain circuitry and increased attention problems in children. Exposure to SHS is more common among Black youth who are also disproportionately exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage and concomitant maternal distress. We examine the combined effects of exposure to prenatal SHS and postnatal maternal distress on the global efficiency (GE) of the brain's cingulo-opercular (CO) and fronto-parietal control (FP) networks in childhood, as well as associated attention problems.