A three-dimensional model of the shoulder girdle. Forces developed in deltoid and supraspinatus muscles during abduction.

The aim of this study was to design a three-dimensional model of the human shoulder girdle. Fourteen muscles were modelled geometrically using robotics software (Solid Dynamics System). A static study in reverse dynamics allowed the forces developed in seven muscles to be studied, particularly in the deltoid and supraspinatus during abduction of the arm with the forearm bent at 90 degrees, the scapula being fixed.

A prospective radiological anatomical study of the variations of the position of the colon in the left pararenal space.

Percutaneous puncture of the kidney allows direct access to the pyelocalicial cavities. The posterior approach of this retroperitoneal organ can be complicated of transcolic punctures due to the postrenal position of the colon. A prospective radiological anatomical study of the relationship between the left kidney and the descending colon was undertaken.

The pectineal ligament: anatomical study and surgical applications.

The aim of this study was to reinforce the importance of the pectineal ligament in laparoscopic surgery for groin hernia and female urinary incontinence, particularly its anatomical importance in the myopectineal region. A morphologic study was conducted on 44 pectineal ligaments from 23 embalmed and one fresh human cadavers, together with a radiological study on four volunteer patients. Anatomical and histological findings confirm the fact that the ligament of Cooper represents a thickening of the pectineal fascia rather than a thickening from the periosteum.

Anomalous pancreatico-biliary ductal union with cystic dilatation of the bile duct.

We report, in an adult, an asymptomatic association between cystic dilation of the bile duct (type IV A in Todani's classification) and anomalous pancreatico-biliary ductal union (APBD) with stones in a long common channel. In APBD, the connection between the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct is located outside the duodenal wall andis therefore not under the influence of the sphincter of Boyden. An abnormally long common channel is in excess of 15 mm.