Herbicide and irrigation management options in conventionally-tilled wheat: deciphering water and energy budgeting, and grain and monetary output in north-Indian plains.

In South Asia, declining water tables due to increased irrigation and labor shortages for manual weeding pose significant challenges for wheat production. Additionally, herbicide resistance, often resulting from poor management practices, further complicates weed problems. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of traditional irrigation regimens (IRs) and herbicide application on wheat crops.