Measuring competing outcomes of a single-molecule reaction reveals classical Arrhenius chemical kinetics.

Programming matter one molecule at a time is a long-standing goal in nanoscience. The atomic resolution of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) can give control over the probability of inducing single-outcome single-molecule reactions. Here we show it is possible to measure and influence the outcome of a single-molecule reaction with multiple competing outcomes.

Understanding interobserver variability of pathologists to improve oral epithelial dysplasia grading.

Objective: This study aimed to understand reasons for interobserver variability in the grading of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) through a survey of pathologists to provide insight for improvements in the reliability and reproducibility of OED diagnoses.

Methods: The study design included quantitative and qualitative methodology. A pre-validated 31-item questionnaire was distributed to general, head and neck, and oral and maxillofacial histopathology specialists worldwide.

Automated Radiology Report Generation: A Review of Recent Advances.

Increasing demands on medical imaging departments are taking a toll on the radiologist's ability to deliver timely and accurate reports. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence have demonstrated great potential for automatic radiology report generation (ARRG), sparking an explosion of research. This survey paper conducts a methodological review of contemporary ARRG approaches by way of (i) assessing datasets based on characteristics, such as availability, size, and adoption rate, (ii) examining deep learning training methods, such as contrastive learning and reinforcement learning, (iii) exploring state-of-the-art model architectures, including variations of CNN and transformer models, (iv) outlining techniques integrating clinical knowledge through multimodal inputs and knowledge graphs, and (v) scrutinising current model evaluation techniques, including commonly applied NLP metrics and qualitative clinical reviews.

A clinical consensus guideline for nutrition in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia from birth through discharge.

Objective: To develop a consensus guideline to meet nutritional challenges faced by infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Study Design: The CDH Focus Group utilized a modified Delphi method to develop these clinical consensus guidelines (CCG). Topic leaders drafted recommendations after literature review and group discussion.

Validation of epidermal AMBRA1 and loricrin (AMBLor) as a prognostic biomarker for nonulcerated American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I/II cutaneous melanoma.

Background: Combined expression of the autophagy-regulatory protein AMBRA1 (activating molecule in Beclin1-regulated autophagy) and the terminal differentiation marker loricrin in the peritumoral epidermis of stage I melanomas can identify tumour subsets at low risk of -metastasis.

Objectives: To validate the combined expression of peritumoral AMBRA1 and loricrin (AMBLor) as a prognostic biomarker able to identify both stage I and II melanomas at low risk of tumour recurrence.

Methods: Automated immunohistochemistry was used to analyse peritumoral AMBRA1 and loricrin expression in geographically distinct discovery (n = 540) and validation (n = 300) cohorts of nonulcerated American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I and II melanomas.