Managing diabetes in the heat: potential issues and concerns.

Objective: To review issues surrounding management of diabetes mellitus during times of extreme high temperatures.

Methods: Materials used for this article were identified through a search of MEDLINE publications from 1966 to 2009. We chose English-language articles by using terms that cross-referenced diabetes mellitus, hot temperature, heat, desert, and insulin.

Secretory IgA specific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1.

As one of the initial mucosal transmission pathways of HIV (HIV-1), epithelial cells translocate HIV-1 from apical to basolateral surface by nondegradative transcytosis. Transcytosis is initiated when HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins bind to the epithelial cell membrane. Here we show that the transmembrane gp41 subunit of the viral envelope binds to the epithelial glycosphingolipid galactosyl ceramide (Gal Cer), an alternative receptor for HIV-1, at a site involving the conserved ELDKWA epitope.

Screening of horse polyclonal antibodies with a random peptide library displayed on phage: identification of ligands used as antigens in an ELISA test to detect the presence of antibodies to equine arteritis virus.

A random hexapeptide fusion-phage library was screened to isolate phages that bind to antibodies present in horse sera positive for equine arteritis virus (EAV). Analysis of the peptide sequences displayed by isolated phages identified seven groups. 25% of the isolated phages used as antigens in an ELISA test were specifically recognised by a pool of sera which was positive for EAV in virus neutralisation test (VN).