Trackins (Trk-Targeting Drugs): A Novel Therapy for Different Diseases.

Many routes may lead to the transition from a healthy to a diseased phenotype. However, there are not so many routes to travel in the opposite direction; that is, therapy for different diseases. The following pressing question thus remains: what are the pathogenic routes and how can be they counteracted for therapeutic purposes? Human cells contain >500 protein kinases and nearly 200 protein phosphatases, acting on thousands of proteins, including cell growth factors.

Role of GATA3 in Early-Stage Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma Local Recurrence.

Background One of the most characteristic features of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is its high recurrence rate. Guanine-adenine-thymine-adenine nucleotide sequence-binding protein 3 (GATA3), as a transcription factor, correlates with urothelial differentiation and has been reported with poor prognosis in high-grade UC and recurrence in breast malignancies. As such, we set out to study the specifics of GATA3 in non-invasive UC, emphasizing on prediction for recurrence.

Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder With Coexisting Cystitis Cystica et Glandularis and Intestinal Metaplasia: A Histopathological Case Report.

Adenocarcinomas of the urinary bladder are exceedingly rare and present in various morphological forms. Virtually all of these are identical to glandular malignant neoplasia native to topographically neighboring organs, where the incidence of adenocarcinoma is also much more common, such as the large intestine. Cases of glandular malignancies of the urinary bladder, therefore, require not only a detailed histopathological evaluation and interpretation but also a detailed clinical and radiological one.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and the Invasive Potential in Urothelial Malignancies of the Bladder.

Introduction Urothelial carcinomas represent a distinct group of malignancies with a high recurrence potential. Multiple studies have established a set of interactions between the tumor cells of urothelial neoplasms and the extracellular matrix regarding invasion and tumor progression. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in early-stage urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder (pTa and pT1) regarding the invasive potential of these tumors.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm and Myelodysplastic Syndrome-Associated Renal Disease: A Histopathological Report of Two Cases.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells with a proliferation of one or more myeloid lineage and mature cell overproduction, while myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/MPN simultaneously show aspects of MDS and MPN, leading to partially ineffective hematopoiesis with associated dysplastic changes. This spectrum of disorders includes chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, and essential thrombocythemia. MDS/MPN are classically not associated with renal complications; however, an accumulating body of evidence suggests that multiple growth factors, cytokines, endothelial damage, and an activated complement system in these patients can induce glomerulopathy, as nearly a third of these patients present with advanced renal disease on diagnosis, which is unlikely to be age or hypertension-related.