Background: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) establishes lifelong persistence and may reactivate in individuals with impaired immune function. To investigate immunologic correlates of protection and VZV reactivation, we characterized specific immunity in 207 nonsymptomatic immunocompetent and 132 immunocompromised individuals in comparison with patients with acute herpes zoster.
Methods: VZV-specific CD4 T cells were quantified flow cytometrically after stimulation and characterized for expression of interferon-γ, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor α and surface markers for differentiation (CD127) and anergy (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA-4] and programmed death [PD]-1).
Background: Systematic and up-to-date Cochrane reviews in pediatrics in general and in pediatric gastroenterology in particular are important tools in disseminating the best available evidence to the medical community, thus providing the physician at the bedside with invaluable information and recommendations with regard to specific clinical questions.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, including all Cochrane reviews published by the Cochrane Review Group in the field of pediatric gastroenterology between 1993 and 2012, with regard to the percentage of reviews that concluded that a certain intervention provided a benefit, percentage of reviews that concluded that a certain intervention should not be performed, and percentage of studies that concluded that the current level of evidence was inconclusive.
Results: In total, 86 reviews in the field of pediatric gastroenterology were included.
Microdeletions in 16q24.3 are associated with intellectual disability and a specific phenotype, e.g.
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