Radio-Frequency-Controlled Urea Dosing for NH₃-SCR Catalysts: NH₃ Storage Influence to Catalyst Performance under Transient Conditions.

Current developments in exhaust gas aftertreatment led to a huge mistrust in diesel driven passenger cars due to their NO emissions being too high. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia (NH₃) as reducing agent is the only approach today with the capability to meet upcoming emission limits. Therefore, the radio-frequency-based (RF) catalyst state determination to monitor the NH₃ loading on SCR catalysts has a huge potential in emission reduction.

Radio-Frequency-Based NH₃-Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst Control: Studies on Temperature Dependency and Humidity Influences.

The upcoming more stringent automotive emission legislations and current developments have promoted new technologies for more precise and reliable catalyst control. For this purpose, radio-frequency-based (RF) catalyst state determination offers the only approach for directly measuring the NH₃ loading on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts and the state of other catalysts and filter systems. Recently, the ability of this technique to directly control the urea dosing on a current NH₃ storing zeolite catalyst has been demonstrated on an engine dynamometer for the first time and this paper continues that work.

Gene expression patterns in peripheral blood correlate with the extent of coronary artery disease.

Systemic and local inflammation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, but the relationship of whole blood gene expression changes with coronary disease remains unclear. We have investigated whether gene expression patterns in peripheral blood correlate with the severity of coronary disease and whether these patterns correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis in the vascular wall. Patients were selected according to their coronary artery disease index (CADi), a validated angiographical measure of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis that correlates with outcome.

Discovery of proteins related to coronary artery disease using industrial-scale proteomics analysis of pooled plasma.

Background: Relating a disease state to an entire population of proteins provides an opportunity to gain new insights into a disease.

Methods: Male populations of 53 patients with angiographic coronary artery disease and 53 control subjects without coronary disease from the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease were established and matched for age and race as well as extremes of risk factors. Major plasma protein abnormalities were excluded.

High-performance liquid chromatography of lactose with evaporative light scattering detection, applied to determine fine particle dose of carrier in dry powder inhalation products.

A method for quantification of the fine particle dose of lactose is described, using a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method and evaporative light scattering detection. The HILIC method used an aminopropyl column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitril/water (80/20, v/v) for isocratic elution. Sensitive chromatography was obtained using a low concentration of water in the extraction solvent.