The concentration of particulate matter in the barn air and its influence on the content of heavy metals in milk.

Heavy metals are one of the components of smog, which is mainly the product of burning fossil fuels in residential buildings. These elements, introduced into the body of cattle by inhalation, may enter the milk. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of particulate pollution in the atmospheric air on the concentration of particulate matter in the air of a dairy cattle barn and on the content of selected heavy metals in milk from cows present in the building.

Knowledge-Based Design of 5-Fluororacil Prodrug Liposomal Formulation: Molecular Packing and Interaction Revealed by Interfacial Isotherms and X-ray Scattering Techniques.

Prodrugs and nanoformulations are two effective strategies for sustained drug release and targeting drug delivery. In this study, we combined the two strategies to judiciously design the liposome formulation incorporating an amphiphilic prodrug of 5-fouroracil (5-FU), named 5-FCPal, for sustained drug release and enhanced bioavailability. 5-FCPal is an analogue of capecitabine (N-pentyloxycarbonyl-5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, Xeloda) by substituting the pentyl group at the N position with the palmityl.

Spontaneous collapse of palmitic acid films on an alkaline buffer containing calcium ions.

Understanding the interaction of ions with fatty acids is important to identify their roles in various bioprocesses and to build novel biomimetic systems. In this study, the molecular organization of palmitic acid (PA) films on alkaline buffer solutions (pH 7.4) with and without divalent Ca was measured at a constant surface area using Langmuir troughs coupled with microscopy and X-ray interfacial techniques.

Diastereoselectivity Switch in the Pd(0)/InI-Mediated Reactions of β-Lactams with Aldehydes: An Entry into Nonracemic Semiprotected (3)-2,6-Enediols.

The switch from -methylimidazole (-MI) to the EtN N-ligand efficiently alters diastereoselectivity in Pd(0)/InI-mediated allylations of aldehydes with β-lactam-derived organoindiums. As a result, (3)-selective allylations and crotylations of a variety of aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic aldehydes with differently substituted chiral ε-amido-allylindiums were developed. Depending on the relative β-lactam configuration, the reactions occur under kinetic or thermodynamic control, with effective remote 1,5- or 1,4,5-asymmetric induction to afford a diversity of previously unavailable (3)-2,5--2,6--, (3)-2,5--2,6--, and (3)-2,5--2,6--substituted enediols, amino alcohols, and homoallylic alcohols in modest to high yields and with moderate to excellent diastereoselectivity.