Expressed disapproval does not sustain long-term cooperation as effectively as costly punishment.

Punishment plays a role in human cooperation, but it is costly. Prior research shows that people are more cooperative when they expect to receive negative feedback for non-cooperation, even in the absence of costly punishment, which would have interesting implications for theory and applications. However, based on theories of habituation and cue-based learning, we propose that people will learn to ignore expressions of disapproval that are not clearly associated with material costs or benefits.

Mutual cooperation gives you a stake in your partner's welfare, especially if they are irreplaceable.

Why do we care so much for friends-much more than one might predict from reciprocity alone? According to a recent theory, organisms who cooperate with each other come to have a stake in each other's well-being: A good cooperator is worth protecting-even anonymously if necessary-so they can be available to cooperate in the future. Here, we present three experiments showing that reciprocity creates a stake in a partner's well-being, such that people are willing to secretly pay to protect good cooperative partners, if doing so keeps those partners available for future interaction. Participants played five rounds of a cooperative game (Prisoner's Dilemma) and then received an opportunity to help their partner, without the partner ever knowing.

Longitudinal study of the manifestations and mechanisms of technology-related prescribing errors in pediatrics.

Objectives: To examine changes in technology-related errors (TREs), their manifestations and underlying mechanisms at 3 time points after the implementation of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) in an electronic health record; and evaluate the clinical decision support (CDS) available to mitigate the TREs at 5-years post-CPOE.

Materials And Methods: Prescribing errors (n = 1315) of moderate, major, or serious potential harm identified through review of 35 322 orders at 3 time points (immediately, 1-year, and 4-years post-CPOE) were assessed to identify TREs at a tertiary pediatric hospital. TREs were coded using the Technology-Related Error Mechanism classification.

Developing a process to measure actual harm from medication errors in paediatric inpatients: From design to implementation.

Aims: The potential harm associated with medication errors is widely reported, but data on actual harm are limited. When actual harm has been measured, assessment processes are often poorly described, limiting their ability to be reproduced by other studies. Our aim was to design and implement a new process to assess actual harm resulting from medication errors in paediatric inpatient care.

Fiber-taper collected emission from NV centers in high-Q/V diamond microdisks.

Fiber-coupled microdisks are a promising platform for enhancing the spontaneous emission from color centers in diamond. The measured cavity-enhanced emission from the microdisk is governed by the effective volume (V) of each cavity mode, the cavity quality factor (Q), and the coupling between the microdisk and the fiber. Here we observe room temperature photoluminescence from an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers into high Q/V microdisk modes, which when combined with coherent spectroscopy of the microdisk modes, allows us to elucidate the relative contributions of these factors.