Hyperkalemia and the Risks of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: This real-world evidence study compared risks of cardiovascular events in hospital settings among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with and without hyperkalemia.

Methods And Results: Adults with CKD stages 3b/4 with and without hyperkalemia were identified from Optum's deidentified Market Clarity Data (January 2016-August 2022). Patients with hyperkalemia were exact and propensity score matched to patients without hyperkalemia.

Molecular Crowding Suppresses Mechanical Stress-Driven DNA Strand Separation.

Molecular crowding influences DNA mechanics and DNA - protein interactions and is ubiquitous in living cells. Quantifying the effects of molecular crowding on DNA supercoiling is essential to relating experiments to DNA supercoiling. We use single molecule magnetic tweezers to study DNA supercoiling in the presence of dehydrating or crowding co-solutes.

Comparative analysis of polystyrene versus zirconia beads on breakage kinetics, heat generation, and amorphous formation during wet bead milling.

This study determined process conditions under which polystyrene (CPS) and zirconia (YSZ) beads cause similar breakage kinetics and temperature rise during manufacturing of drug nanosuspensions via wet bead milling and explored relative advantages of CPS beads, particularly for stress-sensitive compounds. Besides temperature and particle size measurements, a microhydrodynamic-based kinetic model simulated the conditions for CPS to achieve breakage rates equivalent to those of YSZ. A power law correlation was applied to find conditions conducive to temperature equivalency.