Four ways to define the growing season.

What is addressed as growing season in terrestrial ecosystems is one of the main determinants of annual plant biomass production globally. However, there is no well-defined concept behind. Here, we show different facets of what might be termed growing season, each with a distinct meaning: (1) the time period during which a plant or a part of it actually grows and produces new tissue, irrespective of net carbon gain (growing season sensu stricto).

Growth of alpine grassland will start and stop earlier under climate warming.

Alpine plants have evolved a tight seasonal cycle of growth and senescence to cope with a short growing season. The potential growing season length (GSL) is increasing because of climate warming, possibly prolonging plant growth above- and belowground. We tested whether growth dynamics in typical alpine grassland are altered when the natural GSL (2-3 months) is experimentally advanced and thus, prolonged by 2-4 months.

Halving sunlight reveals no carbon limitation of aboveground biomass production in alpine grassland.

In temperate alpine environments, the short growing season, low temperature and a slow nutrient cycle may restrict plant growth more than carbon (C) assimilation does. To test whether C is a limiting resource, we applied a shade gradient from ambient light to 44% (maximum shade) of incident photon flux density (PFD) in late successional, Carex curvula-dominated alpine grassland at 2,580 m elevation in the Swiss central Alps for 3 years (2014-2016). Total aboveground biomass did not significantly decrease under reduced PFD, with a confidence interval ranging from +4% to -15% biomass in maximum shade.

Can we predict "problem residents"?

Purpose: This study investigates whether data available at the time of residency application can be used to predict more accurately future problems of performance, both during and after residency.

Method: The authors identified all residents with reported problematic behavior across 20 years (1987-2007) at a single residency program and created a set of matched controls. Problems were further divided into "major" (leading to significant disruptions of performance and disciplinary action) and "minor" (remediable and resolved).