Immunoisolation of Plant Endosomal Vesicles to Explore Uptake of Pathogen Effector Proteins During Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana.

Endocytosis is an essential cellular process that uptakes substances into cells at the plasma membrane from the extracellular space and plays a major role in plant development and responses to environmental stimuli. Research has shown that plant membrane-resident proteins are endocytosed and transported into plant endosomes in response to pathogen-secreted elicitors. However, there is no conclusive experimental evidence demonstrating how secreted cytoplasmic effectors from oomycetes and fungi enter host cells during infection.

Potato β-aminobutyric acid receptor IBI1 manipulates VOZ1 and VOZ2 transcription factor activity to promote disease resistance.

Upon infection with nonpathogenic microorganisms or treatment with natural or synthetic compounds, plants exhibit a more rapid and potent response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon, known as defense priming, are poorly understood. β-minobutyric acid (BABA) is an endogenous stress metabolite that enhances plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses and primes plant defense responses, providing the ability to resist a variety of pathogens (broad-spectrum resistance).

Proteolytic processing of both RXLR and EER motifs in oomycete effectors.

Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effectors are central oomycete virulence factors that suppress plant immunity. Relatively little is known about how they are processed post-translationally before delivery into host cells. A range of molecular, cell and biochemical processes were used to investigate proteolytic processing of RXLR and Glu-Glu-Arg (EER) motifs in Phytophthora infestans effectors.

Chloroplast elongation factors break the growth-immunity trade-off by simultaneously promoting yield and defence.

Chloroplasts regulate plant development and immunity. Here we report that potato chloroplast elongation factors StTuA and StTuB, targeted by Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi22926, positively regulate immunity and growth. Plants expressing Pi22926, or silenced for TuA/B, show increased P.