Dark continuous noise from visual pigment as a major mechanism underlying rod-cone difference in light sensitivity.

Retinal rods and cones underlie scotopic and photopic vision, respectively. Their pigments exhibit spontaneous isomerizations (quantal noise) in darkness due to intrinsic thermal energy. This quantal noise, albeit exceedingly low in rods, dictates the light threshold for scotopic vision.

Effect of pimenta essential oil against Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Saintpaul in ground turkey meat and nonprocessed turkey breast meat.

Salmonella enterica Agona (S. Agona) and Salmonella enterica Saintpaul (S. Saintpaul) are among the emerging drug-resistant Salmonella in turkey production and processing.

Inequality persists in a large citizen science programme despite increased participation through ICT innovations.

Biological recording is a prominent and widely practised form of citizen science, but few studies explore long-term demographic trends in participation and knowledge production. We studied long-term demographic trends of age and gender of participants reporting to a large online citizen science multi-taxon biodiversity platform ( www.artportalen.

Neurogenin 2 and Neuronal Differentiation 1 Control Proper Development of the Chick Trigeminal Ganglion and Its Nerve Branches.

The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons comprising cranial nerve V, which relays information related to pain, touch, and temperature from the face and head to the brain. Like other cranial ganglia, the trigeminal ganglion is composed of neuronal derivatives of two critical embryonic cell types, neural crest and placode cells. Neurogenesis within the cranial ganglia is promoted by Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2), which is expressed in trigeminal placode cells and their neuronal derivatives, and transcriptionally activates neuronal differentiation genes such as ().