and Salmonellosis in Wild Birds.

is an important bacterial pathogen in humans and warm-blooded animals. Wild bird species represent both a potential reservoir for zoonotic infection and as a susceptible host to infection by host-adapted variants. Historically, wild birds were considered to be a major source of infection in livestock, but in recent years, it has been more apparent that birds are more likely to act as a reservoir for recycling infection on farms rather than as the primary source of infection.

Avian Pathogenic : An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination.

Avian Pathogenic (APEC) is an extraintestinal pathotype of that leads to a range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory, systemic and reproductive infections of chickens in both egg and meat production. Unlike most pathotypes, APEC is not defined by specific virulence genes but rather is a collection of several distinct genotypes that can act as both primary and secondary pathogens leading to colibacillosis. Recent measures to reduce antimicrobials both as growth promoters and as flock-level therapeutics are considered to have led to increased numbers of animals affected.

Genome-wide fitness analysis identifies genes required for growth and macrophage infection by African and global epidemic pathovariants of Enteritidis.

Enteritidis is the second most common serovar associated with invasive non-typhoidal (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, genomic and phylogenetic characterization of . Enteritidis isolates from the human bloodstream led to the discovery of the Central/Eastern African clade (CEAC) and West African clade, which were distinct from the gastroenteritis-associated global epidemic clade (GEC).

Timing and delivery route effects of cecal microbiome transplants on Salmonella Typhimurium infections in chickens: potential for in-hatchery delivery of microbial interventions.

Background: Exposure to microbes early in life has long-lasting effects on microbial community structure and function of the microbiome. However, in commercial poultry settings chicks are reared as a single-age cohort with no exposure to adult birds which can have profound effects on microbiota development and subsequent pathogen challenge. Microbiota manipulation is a proven and promising strategy to help reduce pathogen load and transmission within broiler flocks.