Analysis of Legal Verbiage in State Legislation for Insurer Coverage of Early Eyedrop Refills in the United States.

Purpose: State laws on early eyedrop refills, implemented to help patients obtain their medications when they run out early, have many inconsistencies possibly impacting their efficacy and functionality. This study sought to examine different state laws and elucidate unique features and commonalities that may influence their effectiveness.

Design: A review of all state legislation to date regarding early eyedrop refills was performed.

Characterisation of autophagy induction by the thiopurine drugs azathioprine, mercaptopurine and thioguanine in THP-1 macrophages.

Activating autophagy may be therapeutically beneficial, and we have previously shown that azathioprine (AZA), an immunomodulatory drug, induces autophagy. Here, we evaluated the induction of autophagy by the thiopurines AZA, mercaptopurine (6-MP) and thioguanine (6-TG) in THP-1 macrophages and investigated the mechanism of action in the context of this cellular process. The cytotoxicity of thiopurines was evaluated using an LDH assay.

Anxiety and depression symptoms among patients with long COVID: a retrospective cohort study.

Patients suffering from post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression than the general population. The long-term trajectory of these sequelae is still unfolding. To assess the burden of anxiety and depression among patients presenting to the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) post-COVID-19 clinic, we analyzed how patient factors influenced Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores.

Ageism scale for dental students (ASDS): A focus group review of content validity.

Purpose/aim: Improve content validity of the Ageism Scale for Dental Students (ASDS) and identify barriers to using the scale.

Methods: Thematic analysis of transcripts of three purposively sampled focus groups of 1) geriatric dentistry specialists, 2) older adult dental patients, and 3) dental students.

Results: Twenty-five participants engaged in focus groups.