Survey of legislative frameworks and national recommendations governing paediatric maintenance haemodialysis in Europe.

Background: The application of international recommendations for paediatric maintenance haemodialysis (HD) could be strengthened by national laws or written recommendations. Our aim was therefore to describe the national rules governing paediatric maintenance HD in European countries.

Methods: A national representative, approved by the president of each paediatric nephrology society, was contacted in all 42 European countries to complete two online questionnaires.

An Exploratory Investigation of Heritage and Educational Language Exposures as Factors in Medical Student Spanish Language Proficiency.

Background: Prior to enrolling in medical Spanish courses, students typically acquire their Spanish skills either through formal second language education only (L2 learners) or by being exposed to Spanish during childhood at home (heritage learners).

Objective: To categorize the language exposures of medical students who participated in a medical Spanish course and explore the associations of exposures with their medical language proficiency score on the Physician Oral Language Observation Matrix (POLOM).

Setting And Participants: Forty-one fourth-year medical students (2021-2022) self-reported demographics and prior language exposures and participated in videorecorded POLOM-rated Spanish standardized patient encounters.

Physician Engagement in Addressing Health-Related Social Needs and Burnout.

Importance: Previous research suggests that a greater capacity of health care organizations to address patients' health-related social needs (HRSNs) is associated with lower physician burnout. However, individual physician-level engagement in addressing HRSNs has not been fully characterized, and its association with physician burnout remains understudied.

Objective: To characterize physicians' engagement in addressing HRSNs and examine its association with burnout.

ATM and IRAK1 orchestrate two distinct mechanisms of NF-κB activation in response to DNA damage.

DNA damage in cells induces the expression of inflammatory genes. However, the mechanism by which cells initiate an innate immune response in the presence of DNA lesions blocking transcription remains unknown. Here we find that genotoxic stresses lead to an acute activation of the transcription factor NF-κB through two distinct pathways, each triggered by different types of DNA lesions and coordinated by either ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) or IRAK1 kinases.

Cooperative Role of PACT and ADAR1 in Preventing Aberrant PKR Activation by Self-Derived Double-Stranded RNA.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) produced during viral infections are recognized by the innate immune sensor protein kinase R (PKR), triggering a host translation shutoff that inhibits viral replication and propagation. Given the harmful effects of uncontrolled PKR activation, cells must tightly regulate PKR to ensure that its activation occurs only in response to viral infections, not endogenous dsRNAs. Here, we use CRISPR-Translate, a FACS-based genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening method that exploits translation levels as a readout and identifies PACT as a key inhibitor of PKR during viral infection.