An Analysis of Healthcare Usage & Place of Death in England for All Adults Who Died in 2021/22.

Objective: We wanted to examine the healthcare use and non-elective activity in the UK population of expected deaths over an 1-year period to highlight and examine the reasons for variation. We did this to identify areas to focus interventions or resources on to reduce unnecessary emergency care use at the end of life.

Methods And Analysis: We assembled a data set of approximately 400 000 adults who died in England in the financial year 2021/22 (April 2021-March 2022).

Correcting for Antibody Waning in Cumulative Incidence Estimation From Sequential Serosurveys.

Serosurveys are a widely used tool to estimate the cumulative incidence-the fraction of a population that has been infected by a given pathogen. These surveys rely on serological assays that measure the level of pathogen-specific antibodies. Because antibody levels are waning, the fraction of previously infected individuals that have seroreverted increases with time past infection.

Constrained optimization of divisional load in hierarchically organized tissues during homeostasis.

It has been hypothesized that the structure of tissues and the hierarchy of differentiation from stem cell to terminally differentiated cell play a significant role in reducing the incidence of cancer in that tissue. One specific mechanism by which this risk can be reduced is by minimizing the number of divisions-and hence the mutational risk-that cells accumulate as they divide to maintain tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigate a mathematical model of cell division in a hierarchical tissue, calculating and minimizing the divisional load while constraining parameters such that homeostasis is maintained.

Test-trace-isolate-quarantine (TTIQ) intervention strategies after symptomatic COVID-19 case identification.

The test-trace-isolate-quarantine (TTIQ) strategy, where confirmed-positive pathogen carriers are isolated from the community and their recent close contacts are identified and pre-emptively quarantined, is used to break chains of transmission during a disease outbreak. The protocol is frequently followed after an individual presents with disease symptoms, at which point they will be tested for the pathogen. This TTIQ strategy, along with hygiene and social distancing measures, make up the non-pharmaceutical interventions that are utilised to suppress the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.