Evasion of toll-like receptor recognition by is mediated via population level regulation of flagellin production.

Uropathogenic is a major cause of urinary tract infections. Analysis of the innate immune response in immortalized urothelial cells suggests that the bacterial flagellar subunit, flagellin, is key in inducing host defenses. A panel of 48 clinical uro-associated .

Exploring the in situ evolution of nitrofurantoin resistance in clinically derived uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates.

Background: Nitrofurantoin has been re-introduced as a first-choice antibiotic to treat uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections in England and Wales. Highly effective against common uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, its use is accompanied by a low incidence (<10%) of antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to nitrofurantoin is predominantly via the acquisition of loss-of-function, step-wise mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB.

The Frequency of Infant-Feeding Presentations at English Emergency Departments During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Nation-Wide Electronic Health Records Study.

Objectives: To examine the frequency and distribution of infant feeding-related presentations at emergency departments (EDs) before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Setting: Attendances at 48 major EDs in England in two 50-week periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: period 1, April 2, 2019 to March 10, 2020 and period 2, April 1, 2020 to March 10, 2021.

Methods: We estimated the change in frequency of ED presentations by age group and diagnosis before and after the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England.