Gender Intensification and Gender Generalization Biases in Pre-adolescents, Adolescents, and Emerging Adults.

The gender intensification hypothesis claims that the socialization pressures of early adolescence lead to the adoption of traditional sex-typed roles. We tested this proposal by examining how extensively children (M  = 9.39 years; N = 69, 31 female), early adolescents (M  = 12.

Age, numeracy, and cultural differences in Chinese and American adolescents' performance on the ratio bias task.

Ratio bias occurs when low-probability events with large numerators are judged as more probable than identical or higher-probability ratios with small numerators. Chinese and American adolescents made judgments on ratio bias problems with identical winning probabilities and unequal winning probabilities and completed a test of numeracy. In general, older participants performed better than younger participants and Chinese participants performed subtly better than American participants.

When (and When Not) to Make Exceptions: Links among Age, Precedent Setting Decisions, and Argument Evaluation.

Negative precedents are set when, in the absence of mitigating conditions, social rules are not enforced by relevant authorities. This study examined the effects of normative (i.e.

Adolescents' base rate judgments, metastrategic understanding, and stereotype endorsement.

Developmental reversals are counterintuitive age trends wherein age is negatively related to optimal responding. We addressed the claims that reversals in judgments and decisions are unlikely between late childhood and adolescence. Children and adolescents indicated the extent to which they endorsed stereotypes salient to adolescents, responded to problems in which base rate evidence conflicted with evidence based on anecdotal evidence (i.