Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Pediatric COVID-19 Patients Modulate Monocyte and T Cell Immune Responses Based on Disease Severity.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality globally. The role of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pediatric COVID-19 patients remains unclear.

Methods: We isolated EVs from healthy controls (n = 13) and pediatric COVID-19 patients (n = 104) with varying severity during acute and convalescent phases using serial ultracentrifugation.

A Novel Interleukin 17 Receptor A Mutation in a Child with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis and Staphylococcal Skin Infections.

Objective: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis leads to persistent or recurrent fungal infections of the nail, skin, oral, and genital mucosa. Impaired interleukin 17-mediated immunity is a cause of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. We aimed to show the pathogenicity of a novel interleukin 17 receptor A mutation through functional studies.

Eosinophilia in children: characteristics, etiology and diagnostic algorithm.

Eosinophilia is common in children and may be caused by various disorders. Large-cohort studies, including mild cases, are limited in children. This study aimed to reveal underlying etiologies of childhood eosinophilia and to create a diagnostic algorithm.

Safety and efficacy of rapid drug desensitization in children.

Background: Any drug taken at the recommended dosage may cause hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) protocols have been developed in the case of a confirmed or highly suspected HSR to allow safe administration of the medicine when there is no alternative drug or in the presence of a less effective or more toxic alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of children who underwent desensitization, the safety and efficacy of RDD in children, as well as, the characteristics and management of breakthrough reactions.

Diversity in Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase-4 Deficiency and Review of the Literature.

Background: Serine/threonine kinase-4 (STK4) deficiency is an autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency.

Objective: We aimed to define characteristic clinical and laboratory features to aid the differential diagnosis and determine the most suitable therapy.

Methods: In addition to nine STK4 deficiency patients, we reviewed 15 patients from the medical literature.

Infantile atopic dermatitis: Serum vitamin D, zinc and TARC levels and their relationship with disease phenotype and severity.

Background: Several markers that influence the clinical course of atopic dermatitis (AD) have been investigated so far. Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) - a Th2-related cytokine - increase in various atopic diseases. It has been shown that vitamin D affects Treg cells and immune responses.

Psychological burden of asthma in adolescents and their parents.

Introduction: Asthma, a common chronic disease in adolescents is impacted by factors affecting quality of life. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial factors of adolescents with asthma and their parents.

Methods: The study included 122 adolescents with asthma, 82 healthy controls, and their parents who completed the Asthma Control Test (ACT), Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).

Evaluation of periodontal status and cytokine/chemokine profile of GCF in patients with severe congenital neutropenia.

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by defect in neutrophil count. Increased risk of infections in addition to periodontal problems, such as ulcerations of oral mucosa, gingival inflammation, and rapid loss of attachment are common in the course of the disease. The aim of the present study is to define the causal relationship between the severity of periodontal inflammation and severe congenital neutropenia through identification of cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).

Clinical characteristics of children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and predictive factors of chronic kidney disease.

Background: Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood. Determining the clinical course, outcome, and prognostic factors of this heterogeneous disease group is important to provide appropriate management and follow-up. Therefore, we aimed to identify the risk factors of CKD in CAKUT and the differences in clinical courses between disease subgroups.

Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis may have distinct phenotypes.

Background: Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is a non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy, which presents with bloody mucoid stool in infants. Although IgE-mediated allergy and sensitizations to offending foods have been described in other non-IgE-mediated food allergies, it has not been investigated in FPIAP.

Objective: To investigate IgE-mediated allergy and sensitization to offending foods in FPIAP.

Three patients with glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 deficiency.

Objectives Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by persistent severe neutropenia, recurrent infections, and oral aphthous lesions. Severe congenital neutropenia is caused by various genetic defects such as ELANE, GFI, HAX-1, JAGN1, SRP54, and glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3) deficiency. Clinical features of the patients with G6PC3 deficiency vary from neutropenia to several systemic features in addition to developmental delay.

Frequency of HLA Class I and Class II Alleles in Patients with CVID from Turkey.

Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Certain gene loci are pointed out in several studies in CVID patients. Until now, monogenic defects have been identified in only 2-10% of CVID patients; therefore, association of the disease with HLA alleles may be important for elucidating immunological and genetic mechanisms behind CVID.

Systemic and large local reactions during subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy in children.

Background: Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is the allergen-specific curative treatment of allergic rhinitis. Adverse effects, most of which are local, can be observed during the immunotherapy. These adverse effects have been reported more frequently during the pollen season.

Lymphocyte Subgroups and KREC Numbers in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Single Center Study.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) results in defective B cell differentiation and impaired antibody production and is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Our aim was to evaluate the correlation among B cell subgroups, κ-deleting recombination excision circle (KREC) copy numbers, and clinical and immunological data of the patients with CVID, and evaluate the patients according to classifications currently available to define the role of KREC copy numbers in the diagnosis of CVID. KREC analysis was performed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and B cell subgroups were measured by flow cytometry.

Predictors for late tolerance development in food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis.

Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is a non-immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy that typically presents with blood-mixed mucoid stool. To identify the predictors that affect the tolerance development in infants with FPAIP and laboratory as well as clinical differences between patients with early and with late tolerance. A total of 185 infants with FPIAP were included.

Phenotypical characterization of tree nuts and peanut allergies in east Mediterranean children.

Introduction/objectives: The characteristics of tree nuts (TNs) and peanut (PN) allergies vary in different regions of the world. We aim to identify the characteristics of TNs/PN allergies in Turkish children.

Patients And Methods: A total of 227 children [4.

A Spectrum of Clinical Findings from ALPS to CVID: Several Novel LRBA Defects.

Introduction: Autosomal recessively inherited lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) protein deficiency was shown to be responsible for different types of inborn errors of immunity, such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). The aim of this study was to compare patients with LRBA-related ALPS and LRBA-related CVID, to describe their clinical and laboratory phenotypes, and to prepare an algorithm for their diagnosis and management.

Methods: Fifteen LRBA-deficient patients were identified among 31 CVID and 14 possible ALPS patients with Western blotting (WB), primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) gene, next-generation panel screening (NGS), and whole exome sequencing (WES).

Childhood atopic dermatitis: current developments, treatment approaches, and future expectations.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder of childhood. Underlying factors that contribute to AD are impaired epithelial barrier, alterations in the lipid composition of the skin, immunological imbalance including increased Th2/Th1 ratio, proinflammatory cytokines, decreased T regulatory cells, genetic mutations, and epigenetic alterations. Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease with a particularly complicated pathophysiology.

Pistachio and cashew nut allergy in childhood: Predictive factors towards development of a decision tree.

Background: Pistachio and cashew nut, which belong to the same botanical family, are tree nuts that induce serious allergic reactions.

Objective: We aimed to determine the predictive factors for pistachio and cashew nut reactivity during oral food challenge (OFC).

Methods: A total of 112 pistachio and/or cashew nut sensitized children, aged 58.

Mesh nebulizer is as effective as jet nebulizer in clinical practice of acute asthma in children.

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of salbutamol delivered to children by jet nebulizer (JN) and mesh nebulizer (MN).

Materials And Methods: Children admitted with acute asthma were treated with 3 doses of nebulized salbutamol, 1 given by MN. The patients’ vital signs, lung function measurements, modified pulmonary index score (MPIS), and whole body plethysmography (WBP) measurements were evaluated before and 20 min after each dose of salbutamol.

Factors predicting anaphylaxis in children with tree nut allergies.

Tree nut (TN) allergies are the most common cause of fatal anaphylaxis and generally are ongoing food allergies throughout life. To investigate the predicting factors for TN anaphylaxis in children. Children with TN allergy were divided into anaphylactic and nonanaphylactic groups, those who had an anaphylactic reaction with at least one type of TN and those with any type of reaction other than anaphylaxis with TNs, respectively.

Predictive factors for progression to chronicity or recurrence after the first attack of acute urticaria in preschool-age children.

Introduction And Objectives: Preschool-aged group is frequently affected by urticaria, and infections are the most frequently documented factors that cause acute urticaria in children. This prospective study was designed to investigate the underlying factors of acute urticaria in under five-year-old children and to describe predictive factors for progression to chronicity or recurrence after the first attack.

Patients And Methods: Children younger than five years of age with acute urticaria were recruited between July 2015 and July 2016.