Variants in Patients with Suspected CADASIL.

Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarctions and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common hereditary form of cerebral small vessel disease. It is clinically, radiologically, and genetically heterogeneous and is caused by mutations.

Methods: In this study, we analyzed in 368 patients with suspected CADASIL using next-generation sequencing.

The expression and prognostic value of miR-146a and miR-155 in Turkish patients with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Interactions between environmental factors, predisposition genes, and determining genes appear to be involved in its etiology. Epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNA-mediated gene regulation can determine the susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases.

Performance and Capacity Measurement of the Lower Extremities in Multiple Sclerosis -How to Approach?

Walking limitations play a key role in the development of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Vast majority of patients, even in the very early stages of the disease, experience walking disturbances. Measuring capacity and performance in lower extremities enables us to 1) monitor disease pregression; 2) evaluate treatment responses; 3) determine the necessity of new treatment strategies on time.

Recent Advances in the Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis; Current New Drugs Specific for Multiple Sclerosis.

Since the first approved parenteral drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 1993 (interferon [IFN] beta, and later glatiramer acetate [GA]), today there are both parenteral and oral treatment options for MS. After IFN beta preparations, glatiramer acetate was developed; and, until the approval of natalizumab in 2006, those dominated the treatment of MS. Later on, among oral drug options, cladribine made a promising entry; however, due to safety concerns, it was withdrawn soon.

Comparison of Brain Atrophy, Cognition and Optical Coherence Tomography Results Between Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is also an important cause of disability in MS in addition to motor, sensory, visual, and cerebellar affections. The aim of this study is to show the relation between the cognitive disability in MS with brain atrophy and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).

Methods: Forty-three multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 15 healthy individuals as controls were included in the study.

Prevalence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Multi-center, controlled trial.

Background: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common problem in multiple sclerosis (MS), may occur either in early or late phase of the disease, and impairs quality of life.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CI and related risk factors in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in Turkey.

Methods: The present cross-sectional, multi-center, and nationally representative study included RRMS patients.

Early Stage Alterations in CA1 Extracellular Region Proteins Indicate Dysregulation of IL6 and Iron Homeostasis in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.

In recent years, an increasing number of research papers revealed that the compositional and volumetric alterations in the extracellular matrix are the consequences of aging and may be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the alterations in hippocampal extracellular fluid proteins in vivo using the 5XFAD mouse model. Samples were obtained from hippocampi of 5XFAD mice (n = 6) and their non-transgenic littermates by intracerebral push-pull perfusion technique at 3 months of age, representing the pre-pathological stage of the AD.

Caregiver Burden in Different Stages of Alzheimer's Disease.

With an increasing number of patients being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) daily, it has become one of the major problems in public health. The increase in the number of dementia patients in low- and middle-income countries is expected to be much more than that in developed countries. As a result, the economic burden of dementia, both worldwide and in Turkey, is growing.

A case of hyperkinetic movement disorder associated with LGI1 antibodies.

Encephalitis associated with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibodies is often encountered in elderly male patients and may infrequently present with isolated syndromes. A 6-year-old boy was admitted with acute onset severe oral and facial stereotypic and choreiform movements. On his neurologic examination, he had repetitive and rhythmic movements in orolingual muscles including tongue protrusion, limb chorea and minimal facial stereotypic movements.

Targeting Apoptosis Through Foxp1, and N-cadherin with Glatiramer Acetate in Chick Embryos During Neural Tube Development.

Aim: To demonstrate the effect of glatiramer acetate (GA) in chick embryos on neural tube (NT) development, and to explore its effects of Foxp1, apoptosis, and N-cadherin.

Material And Methods: One hundred fertile, specific pathogen free eggs were divided into 5 groups for this study. The eggshell was windowed specifically at 24 hours of incubation.

Association of MDR1, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms with prophylactic migraine treatment response.

Prophylactic therapy response varies in migraine patients. The present study investigated the relationship between the resistance to the drugs commonly used in prophylactic therapy and the possible polymorphic variants of proteins involved in the metabolism of these drugs. Migraine patients with the MDR1 3435TT genotype exhibited a better treatment response to topiramate than migraine patients with the CC and CT genotypes (p=0.

Assessment of Quality of Life in Migraine.

Quality of life is the perception of an individual's position in life associated with his objectives, expectations, interests, and standard's of life. Health-related quality of life, on the other hand, includes satisfaction with his health and emotional reaction to his state of health. Primary headaches are encountered commonly in adults during their most productive years like end of puberty and at the beginning of 50's.

Persistent headache in a postpartum patient: the investigation and management.

Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is the most common complication of obstetric regional anaesthesia and the most likely cause of headache in a woman who underwent epidural anaesthesia during delivery. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon cause of postpartum headache. Anaesthesia in obstetrics may lead to long-lasting intracranial hypotension resulting in CVST.

Shape analysis of the corpus callosum and cerebellum in female MS patients with different clinical phenotypes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the shape differences in the corpus callosum (CC) and cerebellum of female relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patients compared with healthy controls. This study was conducted using the magnetic resonance imaging scans of 15 control subjects, 26 RRMS, and 14 SPMS patients. The data obtained from the landmark coordinates were analyzed with statistical shape analysis.

Sociodemographics, clinical features, and psychiatric comorbidities of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: experience at a specialized epilepsy center in Turkey.

Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) or pseudoseizures are known to have psychiatric comorbidities. In the present retrospective analysis, we examined the sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and psychiatric diagnoses of patients with PNESs. Our aim is to demonstrate the contribution of the consulting psychiatrists to the presumed psychiatric diagnoses of the neurologists.

Neurochemical-structural changes evaluation of brain in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Purpose: To evaluate neurochemical and structural changes in the patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) by MR spectroscopy (MRS), T2 relaxometry, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI).

Material And Methods: Following the acquisition of routine cranial MR, MRS, T2 relaxometry, and DWI images; spectroscopic metabolite ratios and DWI-T2 relaxometry findings of the thalami, hippocampi, frontal white matter (FWM) and frontal cortex of 24 OSAS patients and 9 controls were statistically compared. The relationship between two groups was evaluated with Mann-Whitney test.

Detection of CSF leaks with magnetic resonance imaging in intracranial hypotension syndrome.

Intracranial hypotension syndrome (IHS) is a rare disorder characterized by postural headache, low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, dural thickening and pachymeningeal contrast enhancement as a consequence of decreased CSF volume. The present report is a case of spontaneous IHS due to dural leak at the level of T12-L1. The site of CSF leakage was not detectable on either conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or T2-weighted MR myelography.

Structural and neurochemical evaluation of the brain and pons in patients with Wilson's disease.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the structural-neurochemical abnormalities of the frontal white matter (FWM), deep gray matter nuclei, and pons in patients with Wilson's disease (WD) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

Materials And Methods: Nine patients with WD and 14 age-matched controls were examined with MRS. N-Acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) peaks were calculated.

Imaging of active multiple sclerosis plaques: efficiency of contrast-enhanced magnetization transfer subtraction technique.

Purpose: T1-weighted (T1W) magnetic resonance images with magnetization transfer (MT) are widely used in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of the subtraction technique with MT in the detection of acute MS plaques.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-four patients during an MS attack were enrolled in the study.

Morphologic features and flow void phenomenon in normal pressure hydrocephalus and other dementias: are they really significant?

Rationale And Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the distinctive features of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and other dementias on routine T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Also, the contribution of these parameters to the diagnosis and treatment of NPH was investigated.

Materials And Methods: Routine MR images were used to investigate the morphologic features (dilatation of Sylvian cisterns, narrowness of convexity sulci, thickness of corpus callosum (TCC), and dilatation of perihippocampal fissures) and the flow void phenomenon (FVP) in patients with idiopathic NPH (INPH) and other dementias.

Primary gait ignition disorder: report of three cases.

Gait ignition failure (GIF) classifications all had major limitations. Few years ago, a new and simpler classification was proposed by Liston. The aim of this paper is to discuss three GIF patients with respect to this new classification.

Neuronal protective effects of focal ischemic pre- and/or postconditioning on the model of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

We investigated the neuroprotective effects of pre- and postconditioning on infarct volume in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in rats. Thirty-two male rats were divided into occlusion, preconditioning, postconditioning and both pre- and postconditioning groups. MCAo (120 minutes) was monitored with continuous cerebral tissue oxygen (O2) pressure (PtiO2).

Delayed diagnosis of a neuroBehçet patient with only brainstem and cerebellar atrophy: literature review.

We report a 34-year-old male neuroBehçet's Disease (NBD) patient with atypical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, whose behavioral problems were followed by progressive neurological symptoms. The patient was hospitalized due to forgetfulness, irritability, behavioral dyscontrol and a choking sensation. T2-weighted MRI showed prominent atrophy of cerebellar hemispheres, the cerebellar peduncle, the midbrain and the pons.