High prevalence of muscle weakness and probable sarcopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of probable sarcopenia and sarcopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) diagnostic criteria.

Methods: Sarcopenia was assessed by using the sequential four-step algorithm. (1) Find: Sarcopenia risk by simple clinical symptom index (strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, and falls [SARC-F questionnaire]).

Weekend warrior exercise model for protection from chronic mild stress‑induced depression and ongoing cognitive impairment.

We aim to investigate the role and biological mechanisms of the weekend warrior (WW) exercise model on depression‑induced rats in comparison to the continuous exercise (CE) model. Sedentary, WW, and CE rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure. CMS and exercise protocols continued for six weeks.

Protective effect of exercise and sildenafil on acute stress and cognitive function.

Introduction: There are contradictory results about the effects of exercise and sildenafil on cognitive functions.

Aim: To investigate the effects of sildenafil pretreatment and chronic exercise on anxiety and cognitive functions.

Method: Wistar rats (n=42) were divided as sedentary and exercise groups.

Ameliorative effect of chronic moderate exercise in smoke exposed or nicotine applied rats from acute stress.

Introduction: Physical activity has been found to be related with many health benefits. Our aim was to investigate the effect of chronic moderate exercise from acute stress on nicotine and cigarette smoke exposed rats.

Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250g, n = 48) were divided into 6 groups as non-exercised, exercised, smoke exposed, smoke exposed and exercised, nicotine applied, and nicotine applied and exercised.

The involvement of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in exercise-induced bronchospasm in young soccer players.

Objectives: To investigate the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in soccer players with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), to test whether these endogenous vasoactive molecules are involved in the development of EIB, and to examine the possible participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in these alterations.

Design: Observational study.

Setting: Football club.

Diet-supported aerobic exercise reduces blood endothelin-1 and nitric oxide levels in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.

Background: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) forms an intermediate stage in the natural history of diabetes mellitus. Insulin-resistant states might be associated with dysfunction of the vascular endothelium.

Objectives: To determine the effects of chronic exercise and a low-calorie diet on plasma nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in patients with IGT and to elucidate the relationship between the oxidant stress markers and NO/ET-1 levels of blood before and after exercise.

Stress-induced multiple organ damage in rats is ameliorated by the antioxidant and anxiolytic effects of regular exercise.

Our aim was to investigate the effects of moderate load, regular swimming exercise on stress-induced anxiety, and associated oxidative organ injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were either kept sedentary or submitted to swimming exercise for 8 weeks. Rats were then divided as non-stressed, acute stress, and chronic stress groups.

Estrogen protects against oxidative multiorgan damage in rats with chronic renal failure.

The impact of sex dimorphism on chronic renal failure (CRF)-induced oxidative multiorgan damage and the effects of estradiol (E(2)) loss and E(2) supplementation on the progress of CRF were studied. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy (CRF), and a group of female rats had bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), while the sham-operated rats had no nephrectomy or OVX. Rats received either estradiol propionate (50 microg/kg/day) or vehicle for six weeks.

Ghrelin ameliorates pancreaticobiliary inflammation and associated remote organ injury in rats.

The present study was designed to evaluate whether ghrelin could reduce organ injury and systemic inflammation induced by pancreaticobiliary obstruction. In Sprague-Dawley rats, either the bile duct (BDL) or common pancreaticobiliary duct (PBDL) was ligated or a sham operation was applied. BDL or PBDL rats received either ghrelin (10ng/kg) or saline intraperitoneally immediately before the surgery and once a day until the rats were decapitated at 72h.

Leptin inhibits gastric emptying in rats: role of CCK receptors and vagal afferent fibers.

Leptin regulates energy homeostasis and body weight by balancing energy intake and expenditure. It was recently reported that leptin, released into the gut lumen during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, is capable of initiating intestinal nutrient absorption. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for both CCK and leptin, which are believed to interact in controlling food intake.

Colitis-induced oxidative damage of the colon and skeletal muscle is ameliorated by regular exercise in rats: the anxiolytic role of exercise.

Epidemiological studies have shown that exercise protects the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of diverticulosis, gastrointestinal haemorrhage and inflammatory bowel disease, while many digestive complaints occurring during exercise are attributed to the adverse effects of exercise on the colon. In order to assess the effects of regular exercise on the pathogenesis of colitis, Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were either kept sedentary or given exercise on a running wheel (0.4 km h(-1), 30 min for 3 days week(-1)).

Exogenous melatonin delays gastric emptying rate in rats: role of CCK2 and 5-HT3 receptors.

Pineal hormone melatonin is proposed as a potential treatment for severe sleep disturbances, and various gastrointestinal disorders. It was shown that melatonin increases intestinal motility and influences the activity of myoelectric complexes of the gut. The aim of the study was to evaluate the mechanisms of the effect of exogenous melatonin on gastric emptying rate.