[Role of a host in spontaneous recovery from viral hepatitis C: genetic predetermined factors].

The impact of both congenital and specific human immune responses on the invasion of viruses is determined by a broad spectrum of genetically determined parameters. The review attempts to characterize the influence of genetic determinants on the outcome of human hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection. The increased rate of convalescence is associated with female sex and white ethnicity.

[Role of host in spontaneous recovery from viral hepatitis C: the body's condition at the moment of infection].

The condition of the host at the moment of infection is that its immune competence largely determines the efficiency, kinetics, and profile (Thl/Th2) of a further specific immunity response and, accordingly, the outcome of penetration of hepatitis C virus (HCV) into the body and subsequent acute infection (if it occurs). The parameters determining immune competence may include age, traumatizing exposures (operations, burns, wounds, and fractures), immunosuppressive therapy, stresses, con-infections, and alcohol use. The highest rates of spontaneous convalescence from HCV infection are observed in children and adolescents.

[Organ pathology in chronic tissue-dwelling helminthic infections: role of blood and tissue eosinophilia, immunoglobulinemia E, G4, and immune response-inducing factors].

The results of earlier clinical, pathomorphological, and immunological studies of organic visceral and tissue lesions in helminthic infections [2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 14, 46] and present clinical and immunological ones [4-6, 44, 45] were analyzed and discussed in the light of a fundamental literature data review. The chronic visceral pathology in tissue-dwelling helminthic infections is associated with super- and reinfections [1, 2, 16, 36], with an inadequate immune response of humans to the invasion of zoonotic agents [2, 6, 13, 20] and with an individual invalidity of an immune response to infections [1, 2, 6, 16, 54]. The persistent course of infections, especially zoonotic, leads to organic pathology, sometimes irreversible [2, 13, 15, 21, 34, 46] if an individual (population) does not respond by immunity or by acquired (inherited) tolerance of invasion [1, 2, 3, 11, 16, 20, 36].

[The organ pathology in the acute stage of tissue helminthiases: the role of eosinophilia of the blood and tissues, blood immunoglobulins E and G4 and immune response-inducing factors].

The pathogenesis of organic lesions in the early phase of tissue-dwelling helminthic infections has been analyzed and discussed by taking into account the previous findings [8, 9, 12], the results of current clinical and immunological studies [10, 11, 60] in the light of a fundamental literature data review. The products secreted by invasive helminthic larvae and the substances expressed onto their cuticula tegument surface mimic nonspecific [34, 43] and specific [21, 28, 33, 42] modulators of host inflammatory processes or induce the latter directly [37, 30, 42, 70]. The development of severe visceral pathology at the very early stage of human toxocariasis [60] is associated with unbalanced overproduction of these modulators and directly acting substances by a zoonotic agent.

[Blood eosinophilia and immunoglobulin E: the characteristics of their regulation in helminthiases and allergic diseases].

Patients with eosinophilia (due to helminthic infections in 44 patients, to allergic diseases in 32, and to unknown causes in 37) were studied and followed up at the in- and outpatient departments of the E. I. Martsinovskiĭ Institute.

[The specific and biological action of chemical preparations and their combination with pathogenetic agents in trichinosis].

The hypersensitizing effect of benzimidazole carbamates (BC), the therapy for trichinellosis, especially in heavily infected patients, determines the necessity of simultaneous administration of glucocorticoids (GC) for the prevention of severe systemic and organ-specific complications. This combination delayed the convalescent period, in severe cases it provokes coagulopathic disorders, infrequently fatal haemorrhages. The combination of BC with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) significantly shortened the convalescent period in semisevere and moderate cases of the disease along with normalized PGF and PGE production.

[The mass treatment of opisthorchiasis with praziquantel from the viewpoints of the clinician and the epidemiologist].

About a 20-years period of chloxyl (hexaparaxylol) mass treatment of opisthorchiasis in hyper- and mesoendemic territories of Russia did not change the prevalence of the infection, reducing only by some degree its intensity. Morbidity and incapacity in treated patients and in cured ones paradoxically appeared to be higher than in untreated persons. High parasitocidal activity of praziquantel in trematode infections has tempted (20) to use the drug as a tool in improving the level of health of population of endemic areas.

[The level of the eosinophils in the blood, serum immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes and interferon production in patients with unilocular echinococcosis depending on the location of the cysts].

The correlations between blood eosinophils, serum immunoglobulins (Ig), circulating immune complexes (CIC) content, alpha- and gamma-interferon (IFN) production and HLA class I antigens were analyzed in 33 patients with hydatid disease aged 37.5 +/- 1.5 years.

[Differences in the dynamics of the eosinophilia, blood immunoglobulin E and the level of circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic opisthorchiasis treated with different doses of praziquantel].

Sixty patients with a chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection were administered one-day therapy with praziquantel in doses 25, 40, or 60-75 mg/kg b. m. The former two doses of the drug did not much improve the levels of the examined immunologic parameters.

[Interleukin-1 production in patients with subacute and chronic opisthorchiasis].

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) production by peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied in 3 patients with the subacute and in 28 patients with the chronic stage of the disease. Monocyte culture was obtained by the H. R.

[Interferon status and the HLA antigen system. 1. Unilocular echinococcosis].

In 26 patients with hydatid disease interferons (IFN) blood levels by titration method and HLA-antigens by lymphocyte cytotoxicity microtest were estimated. In total group B5 antigen frequency was significantly (p = 0.007 after Fischer) higher than in the control group of 155 practically healthy persons: 38.

[The effect of toluene and ammonia on the invasive process and immunological indices in experimental trichinelliasis in mice].

Rap mice were exposed to toluene (T) inhalation for 10 days before invasion with 20 Trichinella spiralis larvae per g body weight (moderate infection). This resulted in diminished number of intestinal parasites in the presence of greater number of mast cells in the peritoneal exudate, higher IgE production, enhanced cell adhesion to trichinella larvae and of migration of splenic lymphocytes. Simultaneous inhalation of T and ammonia diminished the immune stimulating effect of the former.

[The interferon status in helminthiases. 3. Opisthorchiasis].

In 23 patients with Opisthorchis felineus infection, 4 in subacute and 19 in chronic stages of the disease (7 subclinical, 8 with cholepathy and 4 with gastroduodenitis) the blood levels of alpha-interferon (IF-alpha) and IF-gamma were measured using vesical stomatitis virus culture. In patients with subacute opisthorchiasis the blood contents of IF-alpha and IF-gamma were the same as in control-30 practically healthy people (640-1280, log2 9.73 +/- 0.

[The molecular bases of the pathogenesis of malaria and their potential uses in developing a combined therapy for the infection].

Molecular mimicry of a host is essential malaria parasite invasion and spreading in a host and it makes self-advantage for the parasite affecting vital organs and systems of the latter. It is tempting to assume that monoclonal antibody (MA) blocking specific (such as IMAM-I or CD36) and some unspecific (such as C3b) receptors of the blood stages of P. falciparum may prevent the malignant course of the infection.

[The comparative characteristics of the clinico-immunological indices in different contingents of opisthorchiasis patients in a hyperendemic focus. 4. The transplacental transmission of Opisthorchis felineus antigens].

25 women in labour with chronic opisthorchiasis have been examined. They were representatives of native (7), local (8) and migrated population of the focus. Control group comprised 10 women from the local population free of invasion.

[The interferon status in helminthiases. 2. Alveolar hydatid disease].

In 11 patients with Echinococcus multilocularis infection the blood levels of alpha-interferon (alpha-IF) and gamma-interferon (gamma-IF) were measured using vesical stomatitis virus culture. In patients with the disease the contents of alpha- and gamma-IF were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than in healthy controls: 392 +/- 101.

[The biological aspects of the therapy of parasitic diseases].

Specific drugs, most of them heterocyclic compounds, are leading in the therapy of parasitic infections despite their relative toxicity and potent mutagenicity. In some parasitic diseases chemotherapy is of low efficacy (hydatid and multilocular echinococcosis, African trypanosomiasis) or practically absent (American trypanosomiasis) mostly due to suppression or distortion of an immune response. Methods of immunocorrection using recombinant cytokines (interleukins, interferons) or their inducers are to be borrowed from the practice of treatment of oncological, lymphoproliferative diseases and other immune deficiencies.

[The serum immunoglobulin E level and the endocrine activity of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas after recovery from opisthorchiasis].

Serum IgE level and blood levels of gastrin, insulin, C peptide and glucagon have been studied in 34 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis (18 females and 16 males aged 36.5 +/- 2.6 years) prior to treatment and 10 days, 6 months and 12 months after recovery from the invasion.

[The interferon status in helminthiases. 1. Human unilocular hydatid disease].

In 51 patients with Echinococcus granulosus infection, blood IF alpha and IF gamma levels were measured using vesicular stomatitis virus culture. In patients with progressing disease, the IF alpha and IF gamma levels were significantly lower than in the benign form of the disease--144 +/- 28.8 and 51.

[Antibody-dependent cell-mediated immune reactions in experimental trichinelliasis in mice].

The experiments on mice experimentally infected with Trichinella larvae have established that in mild infection adhesive and killer cell reactions developed on day 14, reached their maximum on days 21-30 and began to attenuate on day 45. The cells from animals with moderate infection showed a higher immune activity which remained unchanged till day 90 of infection. The cells from mice with severe infection showed inhibition of immune activity which was most marked on days 21 and 30 of the infection.