Digit ratio (2D:4D) and academic success as measured by achievement in the academic degree "Habilitation".

Introduction: Prenatal androgen exposure has important organizing effects on brain development and therefore on future behavior. Previous research has shown, that the ratio between index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) (2D:4D) could function as a marker of prenatal androgen effects, with a relatively shorter 2D indicating a higher prenatal androgen exposure. 2D:4D is associated with status-seeking and competitive behavior but also with altruism.

Treatment escalation in patients not responding to pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electro-convulsive therapy: experiences from a novel regimen using intravenous S-ketamine as add-on therapy in treatment-resistant depression.

A lack of response despite maximum therapy is common in patients fulfilling criteria of treatment-resistant depression. Therefore, innovative strategies for treatment escalation are warranted. Here, we report the clinical experiences associated with a novel therapeutic regimen combining electroconvulsive therapy and repeated intravenous S-ketamine treatment in three patients.

[From freshmanship to the first "Staatsexamen"--increase of depression and decline in sense of coherence and mental quality of life in advanced medical students].

Psychiatric disorders (Burnout, depression, anxiety disorders) are common among medical students with a distinctly higher prevalence compared to the general public. Although medi-cal students show a normal health status at the beginning of their university study period, a deterioration of these aspects in higher semesters is evident and continues when they become residents. In our study ESTRELLAS we examined 530 medical students in the preclinical semesters (1st-4th) before their first "Staatsexamen" with validated psychological questionnaires for depression, anxiety, quality of life and sense of coherence.

Morphological alterations within the peripheral fixation of the iris dilator muscle in eyes with pigmentary glaucoma.

Purpose: To analyze the peripheral fixation of the iris dilator muscle in normal eyes and in eyes with pigmentary glaucoma (PG).

Methods: Using 63 control eyes (age 18 months-99 years), the peripheral iris dilator was investigated by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Development was studied using 18 differently aged fetal eyes stained immunohistochemically against α-smooth muscle (SM) actin.

Characterization of the mucocutaneous junction of the human eyelid margin and meibomian glands with different biomarkers.

Purpose: To investigate the morphology of the human eyelid margin and the presence of different cytokeratins, mucins and stem cell markers within the skin epithelium, mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) and palpebral conjunctiva.

Methods: Eyelids of body donors were investigated histologically and ultrastructurally as well as by immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to cytokeratins 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, and 19; mucins MUC1, MUC4, and MUC5AC and potential stem cell markers K15, BCRP/ABCG2, integrin β1, and N-cadherin.

Results: The expression pattern of cytokeratins, mucins and stem cell markers varied across the different epithelia of the human eyelid.

Comparative anatomy of the human and canine efferent tear duct system--impact of mucin MUC5AC on lacrimal drainage.

Purpose: To investigate the histomorphology of the canine tear drainage system and to show the distribution of mucin MUC5AC within the tissue.

Methods: Conjunctiva and tear drainage systems of 19 long-nosed dogs were investigated histologically and ultrastructurally. The tissues were stained with eight different antibodies reactive against less glycosylated and highly-glycosylated MUC5AC.

Structure/function studies and the effects of memantine in monkeys with experimental glaucoma.

Purpose. The scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) methodology was established and verified in monkeys with experimental glaucoma (ExpG). Terminal GDx parameters were correlated with axon counts and electrophysiologic measures.