The temporal alignment of mental health consultations across family members: a study of Norwegian adolescents, their parents, and siblings.

Purpose: Mental health problems among adolescents have become more prevalent in recent years. Parents' and siblings' mental health might be affected by living with a depressed adolescent. This study examines how the mental health of family members develops in the years before and after an adolescent seeks help for depression.

Birth Spacing and Parents' Physical and Mental Health: An Analysis Using Individual and Sibling Fixed Effects.

An extensive literature has examined the relationship between birth spacing and subsequent health outcomes for parents, particularly for mothers. However, this research has drawn almost exclusively on observational research designs, and almost all studies have been limited to adjusting for observable factors that could confound the relationship between birth spacing and health outcomes. In this study, we use Norwegian register data to examine the relationship between birth spacing and the number of general practitioner consultations for mothers' and fathers' physical and mental health concerns immediately after childbirth (1-5 and 6-11 months after childbirth), in the medium term (5-6 years after childbearing), and in the long term (10-11 years after childbearing).

Union Status and Disability Pension.

A lot is known about the association between marital status and mortality, and some of these studies have included data on cohabitation. Studies on the association with health problems, rather than mortality, are often based on self-reported health outcomes, and results from these studies are mixed. As cohabitation is now widespread, more studies that include data on cohabitation are needed.

Number of children and disability pension due to mental and musculoskeletal disorders: A longitudinal register-based study in Norway.

Earlier research has documented a relationship between parity and all-cause mortality, as well as parity and cause-specific mortality (e.g. cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality).

Parental income gradients in child and adolescent mortality: Norwegian trends over half a century.

Background: Child mortality has declined rapidly over the last century in many high-income countries. However, little is known about the socio-economic differences in this decline and whether these vary across causes of death.

Methods: We used register data that included all Norwegian births between 1968 and 2010 (2.

Maternal age and the risk of low birthweight and pre-term delivery: a pan-Nordic comparison.

Background: Advanced maternal age at birth is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. A recent study applying a sibling design has shown, however, that the association might be confounded by unobserved maternal characteristics.

Methods: Using total population register data on all live singleton births during the period 1999-2012 in Denmark (N = 580 133; 90% population coverage), Norway (N = 540 890) and Sweden (N = 941 403) and from 2001-2014 in Finland (N = 568 026), we test whether advanced maternal age at birth independently increases the risk of low birthweight (LBW) (<2500 g) and pre-term birth (<37 weeks gestation).

Mental health benefits of cohabitation and marriage: A longitudinal analysis of Norwegian register data.

The aim is to examine how mental health is affected by cohabitation and marriage. Individual fixed-effects models are estimated from Norwegian register data containing information about consultations with a general practitioner because of mental health conditions in 2006-19. Mental health, as indicated by annual number of consultations, improves over several years before cohabitation.

Sex Differences in Childlessness in Norway: Identification of Underlying Demographic Drivers.

Unlabelled: In Norway, as in many other rich countries, childlessness is more common among men than women and has also increased more among men. Over the last 15 years, the gap in childlessness between 45-year-old women and men has widened from 5.8 to 10.

Effects of previous birth interval length on child outcomes can be estimated in a sibling analysis even when there are only two siblings.

Background: There is much interest in how the length of the previous birth interval affects various child outcomes, and it has become increasingly common to estimate such effects from sibling models. This is because one then controls for unobserved determinants of the outcome that are shared between the siblings and linked to the birth interval length. However, it is a common idea that such effects can only be estimated from data on families with three or more children.

The demographics of assisted reproductive technology births in a Nordic country.

Study Question: What are the socio-demographic characteristics of families in Norway who have children after assisted reproductive technology (ART), and have these characteristics changed over time?

Summary Answer: Parents who conceive through ART in Norway tend to be advantaged families, and their socio-demographic profile has not changed considerably over the period 1985-2014.

What Is Known Already: A small number of studies show that couples who conceive through ART tend to be socio-economically advantaged.

Study Design, Size, Duration: Norwegian Population Register, the Medical Birth Register and the national data bases were linked to study all live births in Norway between 1985 and 2014.

The association between parity, CVD mortality and CVD risk factors among Norwegian women and men.

Background: Several studies have shown that women and men with two children have lower mortality than the childless, but there is less certainty about mortality, including CVD mortality, at higher parities and meagre knowledge about factors underlying the parity-mortality relationship.

Methods: The association between parity and CVD mortality was analyzed by estimating discrete-time hazard models for women and men aged 40-80 in 1975-2015. Register data covering the entire Norwegian population were used, and the models included a larger number of relevant sociodemographic control variables than in many previous studies.

Association of Childbearing With a Short-Term Reduced Risk of Crohn Disease in Mothers.

Our aim in this study was to analyze the importance of childbearing for risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Using data from the Norwegian Population Register and the Norwegian Patient Register, we fitted discrete-time hazard models for diagnosis of Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) among men and women aged 18-81 years in 2011-2016. Year and various sociodemographic factors were controlled for.

Children's age at parental divorce and depression in early and mid-adulthood.

This study aimed to assess whether children's age at their parents' divorce is associated with depression in early and mid-adulthood, as indicated by medication purchase. A sibling comparison method was used to control for unobserved factors shared between siblings. The data were extracted from the Norwegian Population Register and Norwegian Prescription Database and included about 181,000 individuals aged 20-44 who had experienced parental divorce and 636,000 who had not.

New evidence about effects of reproductive variables on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.

There is still considerable uncertainty about how reproductive factors affect child mortality. This study, based on Demographic and Health Survey data from 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, shows that mortality is highest for firstborn children with very young mothers. Other children with young mothers, or of high birth order, also experience high mortality.

Health effects of parental deaths among adults in Norway: Purchases of prescription medicine before and after bereavement.

We analyse effects of parental deaths on the health of women and men aged 18-59 in 2004-2008, indicated by purchases of prescription medicines. Register data covering the entire Norwegian population were used, and fixed-effects models were estimated to control for unobserved time-invariant individual factors. A parent's death seemed to have immediate adverse consequences in both main age groups considered (18-39, 40-59), although effects were lower in the older group.

Can socioeconomic factors explain geographic variation in overweight in Norway?

We explore if the geographic variation in excess body-mass in Norway can be explained by socioeconomic status, as this has consequences for public policy. The analysis was based on individual height and weight for 198,311 Norwegian youth in 2011, 2012 and 2013, stemming from a compulsory screening for military service, which covers the whole population aged seventeen. These data were merged with municipality-level socioeconomic status (SES) variables and we estimated both ecological models and two-level models with a random term at the municipality level.

Fertility history and use of antidepressant medication in late mid-life: a register-based analysis of Norwegian women and men.

Objectives: Life course influences on later life depression may include parenting trajectories. We investigate associations between number and timing of births and use of antidepressant medication in late mid-life using data on the whole Norwegian population.

Methods: We estimated logistic regression models to analyse variations in the purchase of antidepressants between 2004 and 2008 by timing of births and number of children among women and men aged 45-73, using Norwegian population register data.

How much of the variation in mortality across Norwegian municipalities is explained by the socio-demographic characteristics of the population?

The goal was to find out whether much of the variation in mortality between the 430 Norwegian municipalities could be attributed to socio-demographic characteristics of the population - operating through individual- or aggregate-level mechanisms. Two-level discrete-time hazard models were estimated for women and men at age 60-89 in 2000-2008, using registers covering the entire population. Year, age and a municipality-level random term were included in the first step.

Underuse of medication for circulatory disorders among unmarried women and men in Norway?

Background: It is well established that unmarried people have higher mortality from circulatory diseases and higher all-cause mortality than the married, and these marital status differences seem to be increasing. However, much remains to be known about the underlying mechanisms. Our objective was to examine marital status differences in the purchase of medication for circulatory diseases, and risk factors for them, which may indicate underuse of such medication by some marital status groups.

Do short birth intervals have long-term implications for parental health? Results from analyses of complete cohort Norwegian register data.

Background: Short and very long interbirth intervals are associated with worse perinatal, infant and immediate maternal outcomes. Accumulated physiological, mental, social and economic stresses arising from raising children close in age may also mean that interbirth intervals have longer term implications for the health of mothers and fathers, but few previous studies have investigated this.

Methods: Discrete-time hazards models were estimated to analyse associations between interbirth intervals and mortality risks for the period 1980-2008 in complete cohorts of Norwegian men and women born during 1935-1968 who had had two to four children.

The effects of earlier income variation on mortality: an analysis of Norwegian register data.

Several studies have shown a positive relationship between mortality and episodes of income decline, unemployment, or poverty shortly before death or in the more distant past. Our objective was to analyse the mortality effects of earlier income changes more generally, net of the overall level. We used Norwegian register data that included individual histories of annual labour income and focused on mortality among men aged 50-69 in 1990-2002.

Effects of the number and age of siblings on educational transitions in sub-Saharan Africa.

Studies examining the link between number of siblings and level of education attained by children in Africa have produced mixed results. This study draws on Demographic and Health Survey data from 26 sub-Saharan African countries and employs a multilevel multiprocess model that controls for time-invariant unobserved mother-level characteristics. We find indications that having younger siblings increases the likelihood of entering primary school; however, once a child is enrolled, having pre-school aged siblings is negatively associated with educational progression.

The poorer cancer survival among the unmarried in Norway: is much explained by comorbidities?

Studies from Norway and other countries have shown that the unmarried have poorer cancer survival than the married, given age, tumor site and stage at diagnosis. The objective of this investigation was to assess the importance of comorbidities for this difference, using disease indicators derived from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) and information on cancer and sociodemographic characteristics from various other registers, all of which cover the entire Norwegian population. Discrete-time hazard models for cancer mortality up to 2007 were estimated for all 22,925 men and 21,694 women diagnosed with 13 common types of cancer in 2005-7.