Demographic and socio-economic inequalities in subjective wellbeing: analysis of repeated cross-sectional health surveys in England 2010-2019.

Background: Good subjective wellbeing (SWB) is a key societal aspiration. The study of SWB determinants is of increasing interest. The present study aimed to examine national inequalities in SWB, and trends in these inequalities, for England across five demographic (sex and age) and socio-economic (educational level, household income and living alone) characteristics.

Preconception health among migrant women in England: A cross-sectional analysis of maternity services data 2018-2019.

Background: Perinatal outcomes are poor among migrant women in vulnerable situations, but little is known about their health preconception. We investigated preconception health inequalities between migrant women in vulnerable situations and non-migrant women.

Methods: This national cross-sectional study used data from the NHS Maternity Services Data Set (MSDS) version 1.

National health examination surveys; a source of critical data.

The aim of this paper is to contribute technical arguments to the debate about the importance of health examination surveys and their continued use during the post-pandemic health financing crisis, and in the context of a technological innovation boom that offers new ways of collecting and analysing individual health data (e.g. artificial intelligence).

Changing the food environment in secondary school canteens to promote healthy dietary choices: a qualitative study with school caterers.

Background: Typical adolescent diets do not meet current dietary recommendations. There is a need to address these dietary patterns to reduce the risk of obesity and other diet-related diseases. Schools provide an opportune setting to do so, as students consume a substantial proportion of their daily dietary intake whilst at school.

An exploration of pregnancy and postpartum content on Instagram: A content analysis of health and exercise focused accounts.

Problem: Although social media can be an accessible option for women to receive support, there is increasing awareness of the negative mental health impacts of social media use during the postpartum period. Idealistic portrayals on social media have been shown to lead to body dissatisfaction and low mood.

Background: The beginning of a child's life is a period of significant physical, mental and social adjustment for a mother.

Neighbourhood effect and inequality in access to essential health services among mother-child paired samples: a decomposition analysis of data from 58 low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: Neighbourhood effect on health outcomes is well established, but little is known about its effect on access to essential health services (EHS). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the contributing factors to access to EHS in slum versus non-slum settings.

Methodology: The most recent data from 58 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 2011 and 2018 were used, including a total of 157,000 pairs of currently married women aged 15-49 and their children aged 12-23 months.

An agent-based model of the spread of behavioural risk-factors for cardiovascular disease in city-scale populations.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally, and is the second main cause of mortality in the UK. Four key modifiable behaviours are known to increase CVD risk, namely: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol. Behaviours that increase the risk of CVD can spread through social networks because individuals consciously and unconsciously mimic the behaviour of others they relate to and admire.

Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Oxidative stress, an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant status, favouring the pro-oxidant state is a result of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inadequate antioxidant protection. ROS are produced through several mechanisms in cells including during mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Increased mitochondrial-derived ROS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, an early event in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's diseases (ADs) and in metabolic disorders including diabetes.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Applications in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that advances gradually and primarily impacts the hippocampus region of the brain. It is defined by a deterioration in cognitive function as well as an observable loss of memory retention. One of the major characteristics of AD is the impairment of neural generation, resulting in the depletion of neurons and synaptic connections within the nervous system.

Critical analysis of tobacco taxation policies in Pakistan after two decades of FCTC: Policy gaps and lessons for low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: Tobacco taxation remains a poorly used intervention to control tobacco use in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Pakistan even after two decades of FCTC adoption. This study identifies gaps and implementation challenges in the current Tobacco Taxation and Pricing Policies (TTPP) in Pakistan, and highlights key policy implications and lessons for LMICs to strengthen tobacco control measures.

Methods: We used qualitative document analysis to examine the policy documents to assess the TTPP against the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the FCTC.

How and to what extent did the Coventry City of Culture 'City Host' volunteer programme effect the volunteers' mental wellbeing? A qualitative study.

Background: A team of volunteers, known as City Hosts, were recruited to support UK City of Culture 2021 awarded to Coventry. City Hosts held various roles facilitating cultural event delivery and promoting a positive experience for visitors. This study aimed to (i) understand how and to what extent the volunteering programme impacted volunteer subjective wellbeing, and (ii) explore the mechanisms of change and intermediate outcomes between volunteering and subjective wellbeing.

Potential molecular mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effect of Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. on insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscles.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. are among the common medicinal plants employed in traditional medicine for treating diabetes and its complications.

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting.

Background: The prevalence of obesity is rising globally and effective strategies to treat obesity are needed. Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention for weight management, has received growing interest from the general public, as well as healthcare professionals, as a form of lifestyle intervention.

Methods: We executed a rapid review using PUBMED database to identify systematic reviews that examined the impact of intermittent fasting on metabolic indices, published between 2011 and 2022.

Meat versus meat alternatives: which is better for the environment and health? A nutritional and environmental analysis of animal-based products compared with their plant-based alternatives.

Background: Poor diets lead to negative health outcomes, including increased risk of noncommunicable diseases. Food systems, most notably agriculture, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) that lead to climate change. Meat consumption plays a role in both health and environmental burden.

National Health Examination Surveys: an essential piece of the health planning puzzle.

National health examination surveys (HESs) have been developed to provide important information that cannot be obtained from other sources. A HES combines information obtained by asking participants questions with biophysical measurements taken by trained field staff. They are observational studies with the highest external validity and make specific contributions to both population (public health) and individual health.

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in behavioural non-communicable disease risk factors: analysis of repeated cross-sectional health surveys in England between 2003 and 2019.

Background: Previous studies have shown that those in lower socioeconomic positions (SEPs) generally have higher levels of behavioural non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. However, there are limited studies examining recent trends in inequalities. This study examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities in NCD behavioural risk factors and their co-occurrence in England from 2003-19.

Dynamics of emotion trends in Canadian Twitter users during COVID-19 confinement in relation to caseloads: Artificial intelligence-based emotion detection approach.

Multiple waves of COVID-19 have significantly impacted the emotional well-being of all, but many were subject to additional risks associated with forced regulations. The objective of this research was to assess the immediate emotional impact, expressed by Canadian Twitter users, and to estimate the linear relationship, with the vicissitudes of COVID caseloads, using ARIMA time-series regression. We developed two Artificial Intelligence-based algorithms to extract tweets using 18 semantic terms related to social confinement and locked down and then geocoded them to tag Canadian provinces.

Swahili translation and validation of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) in adolescents and adults taking part in the girls' education challenge fund project in Tanzania.

Background: The Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) is validated for measuring mental wellbeing in populations aged 11 + and has been translated into 30 + languages. The aims of this study were a) to translate and validate WEMWBS for use in Swahili-speaking populations to facilitate measurement and understanding of wellbeing, evaluation of policy and practice, and enable international comparisons; and b) to examine sociodemographic characteristics associated with higher and lower mental wellbeing in participants in the Girls' Education Challenge (GEC) project in Tanzania.

Methods: A short questionnaire including WEMWBS and similar scales for comparison, socio-demographic information, and self-reported health was translated into Swahili using gold standard methodology.

A systematic review of the burden of, access to services for and perceptions of patients with overweight and obesity, in humanitarian crisis settings.

Introduction: Excess body weight causes 4 million deaths annually across the world. The number of people affected by humanitarian crises stands at a record high level with 1 in 95 people being forcibly displaced. These epidemics overlap.

Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world.

There is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from low-and-middle income (n = 8) and high-income countries (n = 11). In all the cities, females are more likely than males to walk and, in most cities, more likely to use public transport.

Health inequalities in infectious diseases: a systematic overview of reviews.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic overview of reviews was to synthesise available evidence on inequalities in infectious disease based on three dimensions of inequalities; inclusion health groups, protected characteristics and socioeconomic inequalities.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and OpenGrey databases in November 2021. We included reviews published from the year 2000 which examined inequalities in the incidence, prevalence or consequences of infectious diseases based on the dimensions of interest.

Identifying adverse drug reactions from patient reviews on social media using natural language processing.

Drugs have the potential of causing adverse reactions or side effects and prior knowledge of these reactions can help prevent hospitalizations and premature deaths. Public databases of common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) depend on individual reports from drug manufacturers and health professionals. However, this passive approach to ADR surveillance has been shown to suffer from severe under-reporting.