Yeast as a tool for membrane protein production and structure determination.

Membrane proteins are challenging targets to functionally and structurally characterize. An enduring bottleneck in their study is the reliable production of sufficient yields of stable protein. Here, we evaluate all eukaryotic membrane protein production experiments that have supported the deposition of a high-resolution structure.

Increased antibiotic efficacy and noninvasive monitoring of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using per-cysteamine-substituted γ-cyclodextrin - A delivery effect validated by fluorescence microscopy.

Limited and poor delivery of antibiotics is cited as one reason for the difficulty in treating antibiotic-resistant biofilms associated with chronic infections. We investigate the effectiveness of a positively charged, single isomer cyclodextrin derivative, octakis[6-(2-aminoethylthio)-6-deoxy]-γ-CD (γCys) to improve the delivery of antibiotics to biofilms. Using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy complemented with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we showed that γCys tagged with fluorescein (FITC) is uniformly distributed throughout live S.