Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Is Associated With Cognitive Functioning in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cognitive functioning in healthy older adults and individuals with neurodegenerative diseases.

Methods And Results: A total of 124 participants with Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular disease, or a mix Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular diseases and 55 controlparticipants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing. BBB permeability was measured with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and white matter injury was measured using a quantitative diffusion-tensor imaging marker of white matter injury.

Examination of the relationship between symptom and performance validity measures across referral subtypes.

Introduction: The extent to which performance validity (PVT) and symptom validity (SVT) tests measure separate constructs is unclear. Prior research using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2 & RF) suggested that PVTs and SVTs are separate but related constructs. However, the relationship between Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) SVTs and PVTs has not been explored.

Validation of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale of scales in a mixed clinical sample.

This exploratory study examined the classification accuracy of three derived scales aimed at detecting cognitive response bias in neuropsychological samples. The derived scales are composed of existing scales from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). A mixed clinical sample of consecutive outpatients referred for neuropsychological assessment at a large Midwestern academic medical center was utilized.

Replication and cross-validation of the personality assessment inventory (PAI) cognitive bias scale (CBS) in a mixed clinical sample.

This study is a cross-validation of the Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a ten-item scale designed to assess symptom endorsement associated with performance validity test failure in neuropsychological samples. The study utilized a mixed neuropsychological sample of consecutively referred patients at a large academic medical center in the Midwest. Participants were 332 patients who completed embedded and free-standing performance validity tests (PVTs) and the PAI.

The construction and the initial validation of the Cognitive Bias Scale for the Personality Assessment Inventory.

This study describes the derivation and initial validation evidence of a novel Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale designed to be sensitive to cognitive response bias, as defined by poor performance on performance validity tests (PVTs), in the context of neuropsychological assessment. The Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) is a ten-item scale that was designed to discriminate between neuropsychological patients who passed or failed PVTs. In a sample of 306 consecutive mixed neuropsychological outpatients, the CBS was derived by initially selecting items that significantly discriminated participants who passed and failed two or more PVTs, with further item refinement utilizing Item Response Theory methods.

Long-Term Cognitive and Psychological Functioning in Post-Electroconvulsive Therapy Patients.

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with positive outcomes for treatment-resistant mood disorders in the short term. However, there is limited research on long-term cognitive or psychological changes beyond 1 year after -ECT. This study evaluated long-term outcomes in cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life for individuals who had undergone ECT.

Classification accuracy of individual and combined executive functioning embedded performance validity measures in mild traumatic brain injury.

The development of more sophisticated performance validity measures is important due to concerns with coaching as well as providing clinicians with a greater variety of options when assessing performance validity. Examinees with noncredible performance may find it more difficult to elude detection by PVTs derived from arithmetical summation or logistic regression. The present study evaluated the classification accuracy of several executive functioning (EF) variables as PVTs both individually and when combined into derived variables.

Temporal lobe asymmetry in FDG-PET uptake predicts neuropsychological and seizure outcomes after temporal lobectomy.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether preoperative [F]fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) asymmetry in temporal lobe metabolism predicts neuropsychological and seizure outcomes after temporal lobectomy (TL).

Methods: An archival sample of 47 adults with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent TL of their language-dominant (29 left, 1 right) or nondominant (17 right) hemisphere were administered neuropsychological measures pre- and postoperatively. Post-TL seizure outcomes were measured at 1year.

Exploring the sensitivity of the Personality Assessment Inventory symptom validity tests in detecting response bias in a mixed neuropsychological outpatient sample.

Objective: Few studies have evaluated the symptom validity tests (SVTs) within the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in a neuropsychological assessment context. Accordingly, the present study explored the accuracy of PAI SVTs in identifying exaggerated cognitive dysfunction in a mixed sample of outpatients referred for neuropsychological assessment.

Method: Participants who failed two or more Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) were classified as having exaggerated cognitive dysfunction (n = 49).

Derivation of a Cross-Domain Embedded Performance Validity Measure in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: Performance validity assessment is increasingly considered standard practice in neuropsychological evaluations. The current study extended research on logistically derived performance validity tests (PVTs) by utilizing neuropsychological measures from multiple cognitive domains instead of from a single measure or a single cognitive domain.

Method: A logistic-derived PVT was calculated using several measures from multiple cognitive domains, including verbal memory (California Verbal Learning Test-II Trial 5, Total Hits, and False Positives), attention (Brief Test of Attention Total score), and language (Boston Naming Test T-score, and Animal Fluency T-score).