Reviewing the complexities of horseshoe kidney: insights into embryogenesis and surgical considerations.

Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is a common renal malformation with unique and complex characteristics. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Several theories have been proposed regarding HSK formation, such as the close apposition of the kidneys during ascent through an arterial fork, lateral flexion of the trunk, and caudal embryonic rotation.

The Potential Impact of Large Language Models on Doctor-Patient Communication: A Case Study in Prostate Cancer.

Background: In recent years, the integration of large language models (LLMs) into healthcare has emerged as a revolutionary approach to enhancing doctor-patient communication, particularly in the management of diseases such as prostate cancer.

Methods: Our paper evaluated the effectiveness of three prominent LLMs-ChatGPT (3.5), Gemini (Pro), and Co-Pilot (the free version)-against the official Romanian Patient's Guide on prostate cancer.

The Emerging Role of Large Language Models in Improving Prostate Cancer Literacy.

This study assesses the effectiveness of chatbots powered by Large Language Models (LLMs)-ChatGPT 3.5, CoPilot, and Gemini-in delivering prostate cancer information, compared to the official Patient's Guide. Using 25 expert-validated questions, we conducted a comparative analysis to evaluate accuracy, timeliness, completeness, and understandability through a Likert scale.