Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment of a Cervical Carcinoma Complicated by Genital Prolapse.

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus associated with pelvic organ prolapse is very rare and usually occurs in elderly women. We hereby present an 81-year-old postmenopausal woman presented to the outpatient department with an ulcerated irreducible uterine procidentia. The prolapse was reduced under general anesthesia and biopsy of the lesions confirmed a cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Spontaneous Intraoperative Rupture of a Large Interstitial Pregnancy: Laparoscopic Management.

We present a case of a large interstitial pregnancy which was intraoperatively ruptured, but was eventually laparoscopically treated. The patient experienced 9 weeks of amenorrhea, and a right cornual pregnancy measuring 6 cm was diagnosed. The patient consented on having a minimal surgical treatment, and a laparoscopic right cornuotomy was decided.

Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of biliary tract malformations.

Congenital anomalies of the biliary tract include a variety of pathologic conditions, such as biliary atresia, choledochal cysts, gallbladder agenesis, congenital cholelithiasis, and gallbladder duplication. Although most of these malformations are rare and benign conditions, they may occasionally represent a major threat to extrauterine life. Visualization of a normal-sized gallbladder should be a mandatory component of the second-trimester anomaly ultrasound scan.

Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract Endometriosis: A Review on the Commonest Locations of Extrapelvic Endometriosis.

Extrapelvic endometriosis is a rare entity that presents serious challenges to researchers and clinicians. Endometriotic lesions have been reported in every part of the female human body and in some instances in males. Organs that are close to the uterus are more often affected than distant locations.

Subcutaneous emphysema to the head and neck: an unlikely traumatic origin.

Subcutaneous emphysema to the neck represents a rare entity mainly derived from iatrogenic and traumatic origin. We report a case of a subcutaneous emphysema resulted from an intraoral injury aiming to emphasise the significance of precise medical history to identify an unlikely mechanism. A 40-year-old female patient was presented with subcutaneous emphysema extending from the region underneath the left eye up to the submandibular area of the neck.

Placental expression of PAPPA, PAPPA-2 and PLAC-1 in pregnacies is associated with FGR.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a gynecological disorder of varying etiology. In the present study, an expression analysis of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPPA2) and placenta-specific-1 (PLAC-1) was conducted in pregnancies with FGR and control pregnancies. Placental tissues were collected from pregnancies with FGR (n=16) and control pregnancies (n=16) and the expression of the genes of interest was examined by qPCR.

Laparoscopic excision of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the bladder disguised as deep infiltrating endometriosis.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) of the bladder is a rare tumour of indeterminate malignant potential with myofibroblastic differentiation, with a generally benign but rarely aggressive behaviour. Vesical IMT is usually treated by transurethral resection or partial cystectomy. Herein we describe a case of a woman who underwent laparoscopic excision of an IMT of the bladder, initially diagnosed as deep infiltrating endometriosis.

Macroscopic Hematuria due to Placenta Percreta: Report of Two Cases and Short Review.

Herein we present two cases of pregnant women with placenta percreta and severe hematuria during the 24th and 35th weeks of pregnancy, respectively. A timely sonographic diagnosis was feasible in the first case and cesarean section was performed during the 29th week. During the operation, the placenta was invading the bladder wall and concomitant hysterectomy with cystotomy and bladder wall reconstruction was performed.

DNA methylation in endometriosis (Review).

Endometriosis is defined by the presence and growth of functional endometrial tissue, outside the uterine cavity, primarily in the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and rectovaginal septum. Although it is a benign disease, it presents with malignant characteristics, such as invasion to surrounding tissues, metastasis to distant locations and recurrence following treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that various epigenetic aberrations may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Laparoscopic treatment of a large uterine cystic adenomyosis in a young patient.

We describe a rare case of a young woman with a large cystic adenomyotic lesion that was treated laparoscopically. The patient presented with severe dysmenorrhoea refractory to common analgaesics. She was initially diagnosed with right-sided ovarian endometrioma.

A rapidly growing vulvar condyloma acuminatum in a young patient.

A young woman presented to the outpatient gynaecology clinic with a rapidly growing bulky tumour located at the external genitalia, which she first noticed 10 days prior to her visit. Examination revealed a 6 × 3 cm cauliflower-like mass located on the left genitofemoral fold. The initial biopsy had several features suggestive of a human papilloma virus (HPV) infection.

DNA methylation profiles in ovarian cancer: implication in diagnosis and therapy (Review).

Genetic alterations alone cannot account for the complexity of ovarian cancer. The potential reversibility of epigenetic mechanisms makes them attractive candidates for the prevention and/or treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Detection of the epigenetic signature of each cancer cell may be useful in the identification of candidate biomarkers for disease detection, classification and monitoring and may also facilitate personalized cancer treatment.

Reduced ANXA5 mRNA and protein expression in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.

Introduction: The placental anticoagulant protein Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed on the apical surfaces of syncytiotrophoblasts, and plays an important role in haemostatic regulations, maintaining blood fluidity of the placenta. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of ANXA5 in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE).

Materials And Methods: Placental tissue samples were collected from 23 pregnancies with PE and 34 normal pregnancies.

Long-term quality of life and patient satisfaction following anterior vaginal mesh repair for cystocele.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between long term quality of life (QoL), patient satisfaction, and Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) scores following anterior vaginal repair with mesh.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 127 patients who underwent anterior pelvic floor repair with mesh and were assessed 1.03-2.

DNA methylation in the human placenta and fetal growth (review).

Throughout in utero development, the placenta plays a key role in controlling growth and development. The placenta acts not only as a gatekeeper of nutrient and waste exchange between mother and developing fetus, but also as a regulator of the intrauterine environment. Its functions can be influenced by the environment encountered throughout pregnancy, thereby altering the appropriate genetic programming needed to allow for appropriate fetal growth.

Loss of imprinting and aberrant methylation of IGF2 in placentas from pregnancies complicated with fetal growth restriction.

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the altered epigenetic mechanisms that regulate IGF2 imprinting in placentas from fetal growth restricted (FGR) pregnancies affect IGF2 expression leading to impaired fetal growth. We investigated gene transcription, genotyping and the methylation patterns of IGF2 from 31 and 17 placentas from FGR-complicated and normal pregnancies, respectively. A statistically significant decrease in IGF2 mRNA levels was observed in the placentas from the FGR pregnancies.

Decreased placental expression of hPGH, IGF-I and IGFBP-1 in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction.

Objective: The human Placental Growth Hormone (hPGH) and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) system are implicated in fetal development. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of hPGH, IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 genes in placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR).

Design: The study group was comprised of term placentas from 47 FGR-complicated pregnancies of no recognizable cause.

Urethral diverticulum mimicking anterior vaginal wall prolapse: case report.

Unfamiliar cystic formations may develop in the anterior vaginal wall. In view of the close proximity of the anterior vagina to the urethra and bladder, it is important that management of such masses is carefully planned after detailed examination and investigation. Herein, we present the case of an unusual painful swelling in the anterior vaginal wall that was first diagnosed as vaginal wall prolapse.

Decreased annexin A5 mRNA placental expression in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction.

Background: The placental anticoagulant protein Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is highly expressed on the apical surfaces of syncytiotrophoblasts and plays an important role in maintaining blood fluidity in the placental circulation. We investigated the mRNA and protein expression of ANXA5 in placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) compared with uncomplicated pregnancies.

Materials And Methods: Placental tissue was collected from 18 pregnancies complicated by FGR and 16 pregnancies with a normal outcome.

Management of menorrhagia with hydrothermal endometrial ablation in 2 women with bicornuate uteri.

The majority of second generation endometrial ablation techniques are contraindicated in abnormal shaped uteri. We present two cases of bicornuate uteri with menorrhagia that have been successfully treated with Hydrothermal Ablation (HTA). To our knowledge this is the first report that describes the application of HTA in bicornuate uteri.

Pancreatic aplasia in a fetus with asplenia-cardiovascular defect-heterotaxy (Ivemark syndrome).

Background: Asplenia or polysplenia and complex cardiovascular defects, in association with disturbed body symmetry and malposition of internal organs, constitute the main corpus of malformations in the heterogeneous group of heterotaxy disorders. In affected pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis is possible by ultrasonography, while prognosis and counseling largely depend upon the severity of the cardiac defect.

Case: We present a 25 week gestation fetus with typical findings of asplenia-cardiovascular defect-heterotaxy (Ivemark syndrome) and aplasia of the pancreas.

Successful term pregnancy in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis: case report and literature review.

Objective: To present a case of successful term pregnancy in a patient with known Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

Design: Case report.

Setting: University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology and pathogenesis.

Objective: To provide a review of the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Design: Literature survey.

Result(s): Three major pathophysiologic hypotheses have been proposed to explain the clinical findings of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) related to three major laboratory findings: the LH hypothesis, the insulin hypothesis and the ovarian hypothesis.