[Peripheral arterial disease in black African diabetics: epidemioclinical, ultrasonographic profile and determining factors].

Background: Diabetes can lead to micro and macro-angiopathies. The peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a serious and an incapacitating disease. It is still under-estimated and under-treated throughout the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adverse Drug Reactions to Antiretroviral Therapy: Frequency, Type, and Risk Factors in Children in Mali.

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency, type, and risk factors associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in HIV-positive children with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the Unit of Care and Accompaniment for People Living With HIV (USAC) of Bamako.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at USAC of Bamako from May 1, 2014, to July 31, 2015. We included children aged 1 to 14 years with at least 6 months of ARV treatment initiated at USAC, with or without ADRs.

Method validation and clinical application for the quantification of lopinavir, efavirenz, and ritonavir in breast milk using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been validated for quantification of three antiretroviral drugs (efavirenz [EFV], lopinavir [LPV], and ritonavir [RTV]) from human breast milk. The samples were extracted employing protein precipitation method using methanol as precipitating agent. The supernatant was evaporated and reconstituted before injecting into the chromatograph and separated on a biphenyl column.

An entomological survey in the Sudanese Guinean environmental transition zone after indoor residual spraying, Chad.

Introduction: malaria is a major public health issue in Africa. In Chad in 2019, with 955,243 confirmed cases and 2,955 deaths, malaria is the main cause of consultations. A longitudinal entomological study was conducted in Moïssala Health District.

Impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency surgical activities at the National Reference University Hospital of N'Djamena.

Aim Of The Work: An evaluation of Covid-19 pandemic impact on emergency surgical activities at the CHU-RN in N'Djamena, Chad.

Method: A retrospective study of patients admitted to the surgical emergency room during the first wave of the pandemic (April-June 2020). The data were compared to those of patients admitted during the same period in 2019 (control group).

Epilepsy Research in Mali: A Pilot Pharmacokinetics Study on First-Line Antiepileptic Drug Treatment.

Background And Purpose: The indication and benefit of plasma level of antiepileptic (AEDs) has been debating in the monitoring of people living with epilepsy and the epilepsy treatment gap has largely been documented in developed countries. This study was aimed to highlight the epilepsy treatment gap between rural and urban Mali.

Methods: We conducted a pilot study on AEDs treatment from September 2016 to May 2019.

Understanding Human Cerebral Malaria through a Blood Transcriptomic Signature: Evidences for Erythrocyte Alteration, Immune/Inflammatory Dysregulation, and Brain Dysfunction.

Background: Cerebral malaria (CM), a reversible encephalopathy affecting young children, is a medical emergency requiring rapid clinical assessment and treatment. However, understanding of the genes/proteins and the biological pathways involved in the disease outcome is still limited.

Methods: We have performed a whole transcriptomic analysis of blood samples from Malian children with CM or uncomplicated malaria (UM).

Assessment of an in-house phantom for the quality control of a clinical gamma camera.

Objective: Since in-house phantoms may provide effective quality control for gamma cameras in clinical settings, this study aims to assess an in-house phantom designed to perform quality control tests of a gamma camera using locally available, affordable materials. This is of particular importance in developing countries where scientific support may not be readily available.

Materials And Methods: The phantom was made from cylindrical plexiglass with a diameter of 230 mm and thickness of 60 mm.

Diagnostic Laboratories' Capacities and Preparedness for Emerging Viral Diseases in Guinea and Mali.

The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in Guinea highlighted the need for more extensive evaluation of laboratories diagnostic capacities and preparedness in anticipation of future emerging viral disease outbreaks. We developed a questionnaire to assess the diagnostic capacities and preparedness of the four major medical laboratories in Guinea and Mali that are responsible for the provision of Ebola, Lassa, and Dengue diagnostics. The questionnaire inquired about the current state and need for equipment and reagents and adequacy of equipment and training received.

Impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 3 to 59 months in the Kangaba and Kolokani health districts between 2013 and 2015.

Introduction: Malaria is a public health problem in Mali. Seasonal chemo prevention (SCP) is of particular importance, hence its introduction by the WHO since 2012 in children aged 3 to 59 months from the start of the transmission season. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of SCP on malaria in the health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani.

Antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions in HIV-infected patients in Mali: a resource-limited setting experience.

Background: There are few reports in the literature from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now widely available in SSA, and ADRs during HIV infection are also frequent. In this study, we reported the frequency and risk factors of ART-induced ADRs in a Malian population.

Comparing Treatment Outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Patients, in Bamako, Mali.

Background: HIV-2 leads to a less-severe disease than HIV-1 but is known to be resistant to Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs). We goaled to evaluate the clinical and biological outcomes of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected-patients under Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) that do not include NNRTIs.

Methods: This is a case-control study of 100 participants (half in each group) to measure the frequency of clinical and biological adverse effects, and disease outcome at 6 and 12 months of treatment (M6 and M12) We included.

Efavirenz and Lopinavir Levels in HIV-Infected Women and Their Nursing Infants, in Mali.

Limited data are currently available on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in breast milk (BM) and in breastfed infants' blood. To explore these parameters in patients in Mali, we measured plasma antiretroviral levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and their breastfed infants over 6 months. We specifically analyzed the concentrations of efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir (LPV) in the plasma of mothers living with HIV and their breastfed infants.

Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Genes Common to Cerebral Malaria and Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Cerebral malaria, a reversible encephalopathy affecting young children, is a medical emergency requiring urgent clinical assessment and treatment. We performed a whole-transcriptomic analysis of blood samples from Malian children with cerebral or uncomplicated malaria. We focused on transcripts from pathways for which dysfunction has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

A Functional IL22 Polymorphism (rs2227473) Is Associated with Predisposition to Childhood Cerebral Malaria.

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. This encephalopathy is characterized by coma and is thought to result from mechanical microvessel obstruction and an excessive activation of immune cells leading to pathological inflammation and blood-brain barrier alterations. IL-22 contributes to both chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, and may have protective or pathogenic effects, depending on the tissue and disease state.

The IL17F and IL17RA Genetic Variants Increase Risk of Cerebral Malaria in Two African Populations.

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum that is partly caused by cytokine-mediated inflammation. It is not known whether interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokines, which regulate inflammation, control the development of CM. To evaluate the involvement of IL-17 cytokines in CM, we analyzed 46 common polymorphisms in IL17A, IL17F, and IL17RA (which encodes the common receptor chain of the members of the IL-17 family) in two independent African populations.

Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy: prospective study in children in sikasso (mali).

Objectives: Adverse events during antiretroviral treatment are frequent and various. Their diagnosis incurs some various difficulties according to the geographic context. Our aim was to describe the frequency, nature, and preventability of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to antiretroviral treatment in Malian outpatient children.

Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in newly HIV-infected and untreated patients in Ségou and Bamako, Mali.

The WHO recommends regular surveillance for transmitted antiretroviral drug-resistant viruses in HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive patients in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of mutations associated with resistance in ART-naive patients newly diagnosed with HIV in Bamako and Ségou in Mali. HIV-positive patients who never received ART were recruited in Bamako and Ségou, Mali.

[Cutaneous drug eruption at hospital in Bamako].

Introduction: The incidences of cutaneous drug eruption constitute a real public health problem.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the cutaneous drug eruption in Gabriel Touré Hospital in Bamako.

Material And Method: This is a prospective longitudinal study from 1 July 2005 to August 31, 2006.

Polymorphisms of HIV-2 integrase and selection of resistance to raltegravir.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 is naturally resistant to some antiretroviral drugs, restricting therapeutic options for patients infected with HIV-2. Regimens including integrase inhibitors (INI) seem to be effective, but little data on HIV-2 integrase (IN) polymorphisms and resistance pathways are available.

Materials And Methods: The integrase coding sequence from 45 HIV-2-infected, INI-naïve, patients was sequenced and aligned against the ROD (group A) or EHO (group B) reference strains and polymorphic or conserved positions were analyzed.

Genotypic evaluation of etravirine sensitivity of clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates carrying resistance mutations to nevirapine and efavirenz.

Background: Etravirine is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with a pattern of resistance mutations quite distinct from the current NNRTIs.

Methods: We collected all routine samples of HIV-1 patients followed in the AIDS reference laboratory of UCLouvain (in 2006 and 2007) carrying resistance-associated mutations to nevirapine (NVP) or efavirenz (EFV). The sensitivity to Etravirine was estimated using three different drug resistance algorithms: ANRS (July 2008), IAS (December 2008) and Stanford (November 2008).

[The movement of wild poliovirus in West Africa: the Malian case].

The objective of this study was to examine the evolution of the movement patterns and trends of the wild poliovirus in Mali through surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005 on 1,002 cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) investigated across the country. Reports made to the National Center for Immunization (CNI) of children under 15 years suffering from AFP were included as part of the epidemiological surveillance.

[The psychiatric manifestations of people living with HIV in Mali].

HIV/AIDS related disorders have a negative impact on the assumption of responsibility of other Comorbidities and could lead to a highest lethality rate. The goal was to evaluate the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders during HIV/AIDS at infectious diseases service of “hôpital du Point G”. We carried out an exploratory study and descriptive energy of July 1, 2004 to bearing 31 October 2005 out of 166 patients.

[Tetanus in a hospital setting in Bamako, Mali].

Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic profile of tetanus patients managed in the infectious diseases department of the "Hopital du Point G", in Bamako, Mall.

Patients And Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted from July 2001 to August 2004. The following data were collected: age, sex, infection route, clinical features, delay to hospitalization, and outcome.

[Cholera epidemics in Mali between 1995 and 2004].

Introduction: Cholera represents a public health problem in developing countries like Mali.

Aim: This work aims to describe the characteristics of the cholera epidemics which occurred in Mali between 1995 and 2004.

Method: A retrospective survey was conducted within the Division of the fight against the diseases of epidemic potential and the Institute of Public Health and Research of the Ministry of Health of Mali.