Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development.

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to motor impairment due to a chronic inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not completely clear, and biomarkers to define the disease prognosis are still necessary. Thus, we aimed to identify biomarkers for HAM/TSP and potential mechanisms involved in disease development.

Early Effects of HTLV-1 Infection on the Activation, Exhaustion, and Differentiation of T-Cells in Humanized NSG Mice.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4 T-cells associated with HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we used the model of immunodeficient NSG mice reconstituted with a functional human immune system (HIS) to investigate early events in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Upon infection, human T-cells rapidly increased in the blood and lymphoid tissues, particularly CD4CD25 T-cells.

Polymorphisms in HTLV-1 Tax-responsive elements in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients are associated with reduced proviral load but not with disease progression.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) provirus expression is mainly directed by Tax-responsive elements (TRE) within the long terminal repeats (LTR). Mutations in TRE can reduce provirus expression and since a high proviral load (PVL) is a risk factor for the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), we evaluated polymorphisms in the 5' LTR and the association with PVL and disease progression. HTLV-1 LTR and sequences derived from asymptomatic carriers (AC) and HAM/TSP patients followed in a longitudinal study were analysed according to PVL and clinical severity.

Comparison of parasite load by qPCR and histopathological changes of inner and outer edge of ulcerated cutaneous lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus that affects humans and animals. The distribution of parasites in the lesion is not uniform, and there are divergences in the literature about the choice of the better sampling site for diagnosis-inner or outer edge of the ulcerated skin lesion. In this context, determining the region of the lesion with the highest parasite density and, consequently, the appropriate site for collecting samples can define the success of the laboratory diagnosis.

Patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations show undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.

We report that patients with COVID-19 displaying distinct neurological disorders have undetectable or extremely low levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, indicating that viral clearance precede the neurological involvement. This finding points to the need for the development of more sensitive molecular tests and the investigation of other neurotropic pathogens to exclude concurrent neuroinfection.

Phenotypic and functional changes in gamma delta T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 carriers.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to gradual loss of motor movement as a result of the death of spinal cord cells through immune mediated mechanisms. The risk to develop HAM/TSP disease positively correlates with the magnitude of HTLV-1 proviral load. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes have been recognized as important players in a variety of infectious diseases.

Protein Profile of Blood Monocytes is Altered in HTLV-1 Infected Patients: Implications for HAM/TSP Disease.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The endothelial breakdown and migration of leukocytes, including monocytes, to the spinal cord are involved in HAM/TSP development. Monocytes from HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibit important functional differences when compared to cells from uninfected donors.

Dengue fever and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection.

Globalization has increased both the number of emergent diseases and the diversity of co-infections, which could in turn mutually influence the pathogenesis of well-known infectious diseases. Here, we report the first series of chronic human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) patients co-infected with the dengue fever virus. As both of these diseases are immuno-mediated, we anticipated interference in the development of both diseases, with atypical clinical and laboratory parameter results.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a case report of primary cutaneous tumoral type.

Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinctive peripheral T- lymphocytic malignancy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It may closely resemble other skin lymphomas, particularly mycosis fungoides (MF).

Case Report: A 38-year-old woman presented some ellipsoid scaling patches lasting 18 months and developed a large tumoral lesion in the abdomen, which were previously diagnosed as MF.

Neurological manifestations of coinfection with HIV and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1.

HIV-individuals are at risk for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) coinfection and neurological diseases. Little is known about the impact of HAART among coinfected patients. In this study, 47 out of 428 HIV individuals were coinfected with HTLV (10.

Neurological aspects of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection.

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 is associated with some neurologic diseases, mainly human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T lymphotropic virus type 2 has also been associated with similar cases of human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, but evidences for a definitive relationship are less clear. On the other hand, neurologic manifestations of HIV infection are quite common, affecting more than one third of patients in HIV clinics.