Compatibility of Phase Change Materials and Metals: Experimental Evaluation Based on the Corrosion Rate.

The construction and maintenance of building stock is responsible for approximately 36% of all CO emissions in the European Union. One of the possibilities of how to achieve high energy-efficient and decarbonized building stock is the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in building energy systems that contain efficient energy storage capacity. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are latent heat storage media with a high potential of integration in building structures and technical systems.

Tests on Material Compatibility of Phase Change Materials and Selected Plastics.

Practical applications of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) often require their encapsulation in other materials, such as metals or plastics. This raises the issue of compatibility between PCMs and encapsulating materials, which has still not been sufficiently addressed. The study presented here follows existing research and provides experimental evaluation of the suitability of selected PCMs for proposed integration in building structures.

Regional patterns of declining butternut ( L.) suggest site characteristics for restoration.

Butternut trees dying from a canker disease were first reported in southwestern Wisconsin in 1967. Since then, the disease has caused extensive mortality of butternut throughout its North American range. The objectives of this study were to quantify changes in butternut populations and density across its range and identify habitat characteristics of sites where butternut is surviving in order to locate regions for potential butternut restoration.

Influence of Temperature and Humidity on the Viability of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum Conidia.

Butternut canker, caused by the fungus Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, primarily kills butternut (Juglans cinerea). Rain splash and local air currents are the primary means of conidia dispersal but that does not explain its long-distance spread and infection of isolated trees. Dispersal by insect or animal vectors or plant material likely necessitates the ability for conidia to tolerate drying for a period of time over variable temperature and humidity conditions.

Inhibition of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum by Juglans Species Bark Extracts.

A rapid and reliable technique is needed for identifying butternut trees (Juglans cinerea) with resistance to butternut canker. We investigated the potential of a bark extract bioassay to detect levels of resistance to Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Oc-j), the causal agent of butternut canker. Both reagent grade naphthoquinones and crude bark extracts of Juglans species inhibited germination of Oc-j conidia.

A Second Spore Stage Confirmed for Apioplagiostoma populi, the Causal Agent of Bronze Leaf Disease of Populus in Minnesota.

Bronze leaf disease (BLD) affects several Populus species in North America but is particularly damaging to hybrids in section Populus (4). BLD, caused by the fungus Apioplagiostoma populi (syn. Plagiostoma populi) described by Cash and Waterman (1), takes its name from the characteristic dark purple to brown pigmentation of infected leaves.

Decline as a disease category: is it helpful?

Many, but not all, forest pathologists use "decline" to describe forest tree diseases of complex etiology. We contend that this distinction from abiotic or biotic diseases is completely arbitrary, has caused undue confusion, and provides no practical insights for forest managers. All diseases are complex and can be characterized within the conceptual framework of the disease triangle.

Recessive resistance to septoria stem canker of hybrid poplar.

ABSTRACT Stem canker, caused by Septoria musiva, is the most serious disease limiting intensive hybrid poplar culture in eastern North America. Populus deltoides (D) is itself resistant, but the susceptibility of western black cottonwood, P. trichocarpa (T) is apparently dominant in the F(1) generation.

Response of Butternut Selections to Inoculation with Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum.

Butternut trees (Juglans cinerea) clonally propagated via grafting from source trees with putative resistance to butternut canker were inoculated monthly with two isolates of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in a field planting in Minnesota. Significant differences in resulting canker length were found among (i) month of inoculation, (ii) accession, and (iii) isolate. Results support the suggestion that canker-free butternut occasionally found growing among butternut severely affected by butternut canker potentially have disease resistance and may have value for genetic conservation and restoration of the species.

Morphological and molecular methods to identify butternut (Juglans cinerea) and butternut hybrids: relevance to butternut conservation.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) is a native, cold-tolerant, hard-mast species formerly valued for its nuts and wood, which is now endangered. The most immediate threat to butternut restoration is the spread of butternut canker disease, caused by the exotic fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Nair, Kostichka & Kuntz.

Natural and Experimental Host Range of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum.

The fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum causes butternut canker in North America and is not known to kill or seriously affect tree species other than butternut (Juglans cinerea). However, this putative exotic pathogen has been found on branches of black walnut (J. nigra) and heartnut (J.

Improving disease resistance of butternut (Juglans cinerea), a threatened fine hardwood: a case for single-tree selection through genetic improvement and deployment.

Approaches for the development of disease-resistant butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) are reviewed. Butternut is a threatened fine hardwood throughout its natural range in eastern North America because of the invasion of the exotic fungus, Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Nair, Kostichka and Kuntz, which causes butternut canker.

Variation in Septoria musiva and Implications for Disease Resistance Screening of Poplars.

A set of isolates of Septoria musiva differed in aggressiveness in hybrid poplar leaf disk and stem assays and culture growth in vitro. Clone × isolate interactions were observed in one of the stem assay experiments, but not in the leaf disk assay experiments. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were performed using 52 isolates of S.

North American populations of Entoleuca mammata are genetically more variable than populations in Europe.

Entoleuca mammata (syn. Hypoxylon mammatum) is a damaging pathogen of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata in North America and P.

Biological Control of Septoria Leaf Spot Disease of Hybrid Poplar in the Field.

Biological control of Septoria leaf spot of hybrid poplars was investigated using disease-suppressive Streptomyces strains. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on potted trees placed in a hybrid poplar plantation near Rosemount, MN, and on field-planted trees in 1998 at St. Paul.

Etiology of Bronze Leaf Disease of Populus.

Bronze leaf disease is a potentially destructive disorder of the Populus section of the genus Populus. The causal agent has been reported to be Apioplagiostoma populi (anamorph: Discula sp.).

First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Michigan.

Beech bark disease of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is caused by the interaction of an introduced scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and the native fungus Nectria galligena, or N. coccinea var. faginata, which is thought to be introduced.

Melampsora Leaf Rust of Willow Causing a Stem Canker in Minnesota.

In June 2000, during a routine examination of native willow (Salix sp.) growing in northwestern Minnesota, several plants were observed with multiple stem cankers. The cankers, some reaching 6 cm in length, were found on 1- to 3-year-old wood.

First Report of Butternut Canker Caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in New Brunswick, Canada.

In June 1997, butternut canker was found for the first time in New Brunswick, Canada, at Stickney, Carleton County. A fungal isolate recovered from a young branch canker on butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), cultured on potato dextrose agar, produced spores and cultural morphology as previously described (1).

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum on Heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis).

Branch dieback was observed throughout the crown of a 25-year-old heartnut, a variety of Japanese walnut, growing in a mixed plantation with black walnut (J. nigra) in central Iowa in the spring of 1997. No cankers were evident.

First Report of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum on Black Walnut.

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum is killing butternut (Juglans cinerea) throughout North America. Although black walnut (J. nigra) and other Juglans spp.