Magnetic Flux Sensor Based on Spiking Neurons with Josephson Junctions.

Josephson junctions (JJs) are superconductor-based devices used to build highly sensitive magnetic flux sensors called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). These sensors may vary in design, being the radio frequency (RF) SQUID, direct current (DC) SQUID, and hybrid, such as D-SQUID. In addition, recently many of JJ's applications were found in spiking models of neurons exhibiting nearly biological behavior.

Tetrazoles and Related Heterocycles as Promising Synthetic Antidiabetic Agents.

Tetrazole heterocycle is a promising scaffold in drug design, and it is incorporated into active pharmaceutical ingredients of medications of various actions: hypotensives, diuretics, antihistamines, antibiotics, analgesics, and others. This heterocyclic system is metabolically stable and easily participates in various intermolecular interactions with different biological targets through hydrogen bonding, conjugation, or van der Waals forces. In the present review, a systematic analysis of the activity of tetrazole derivatives against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been performed.

Novel 1,2,4-Triazole- and Tetrazole-Containing 4-Thiopyrano[2,3-]quinolines: Synthesis Based on the Thio-Michael/aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman Tandem Reaction and Investigation of Antiviral Activity.

A novel method for synthesizing 1,2,4-triazole- and tetrazole-containing 4-thiopyrano[2,3-]quinolines using a new combination of the thio-Michael and aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions was developed. Target compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities and antiviral activities against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus in MDCK cells. The compounds showed low toxicity and some exhibited moderate antiviral activity.

[Pavel I. Emdin: Biography without blank spots].

The authors present the career of Professor Pavel I. Emdin as one of the pioneers of Russian neurosurgery. Archive documents, biography and scientific articles are analyzed.

From Minerals to Simplest Living Matter: Life Origination Hydrate Theory.

Long since, people tried to solve the mystery of the way that led to the appearance and propagation of living entities. However, no harmonious understanding of this mystery existed, because neither the scientifically grounded source minerals nor the ambient conditions were proposed and because it was groundlessly taken that the process of living matter origination is endothermal. The Life Origination Hydrate Theory (LOH-Theory) first suggests the chemical way capable of leading from the specified abundant natural minerals to origination of multitudes of multitudes of simplest living entities and gives an original explanation for the phenomena of chirality and racemization delay.

Synthesis of isomeric 4-(-methyltetrazolylamino)-2-phenyl-4-thiopyrano[2,3-]quinoline-3-carbaldehydes and 4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-thiopyrano[2,3-]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde based on tandem thiol-Michael and (aza)-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions and an study of the activity of the obtained compounds against influenza virus.

Unlabelled: 3-{[(1-Methyl-1-tetrazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}quinoline-2-thiol and 3-{[(2-methyl-2-tetrazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}quinoline-2-thiol were synthesized. The sequence of the thiol-Michael reaction and the (aza)-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction yielded 4-[(1-methyl-1-tetrazol-5-yl)amino]-2-phenyl-4-thiopyrano[2,3-]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde, 4-[(2-methyl-2-tetrazol-5-yl)amino]-2-phenyl-4-thiopyrano[2,3-]-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde, and 4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-thiopyrano[2,3-]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus strain in MDCK cell culture were determined for the obtained compounds.

Structural and Parametric Identification of Knowm Memristors.

This paper proposes a novel identification method for memristive devices using Knowm memristors as an example. The suggested identification method is presented as a generalized process for a wide range of memristive elements. An experimental setup was created to obtain a set of intrinsic I-V curves for Knowm memristors.

Synthesis and antiviral activity of nonannulated tetrazolylpyrimidines.

Nonannulated tetrazolylpyrimidines in the structure of which the heterocyclic fragments are separated by hydrazinocarbonylmethyl, methylpyrazolyl groups or a sulfur atom were synthesized. Some of these compounds showed moderate activity against H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus. The selectivity index of the anti-influenza action of {5-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-tetrazol-1-yl}acetic acid, which has very low cytotoxicity, was twice as high as the selectivity index of the reference drug rimantadine.

Trifluoroacetaldehyde -Tosylhydrazone as a Precursor of Trifluorodiazoethane in Reactions of Insertion into the Heteroatom-Hydrogen Bond.

Trifluorodiazoethane is a widely explored trifluoroethylating reagent, which is suitable for the preparation of a large number of fluorine-containing organic molecules. Nevertheless, CFCHN has some disadvantages, such as volatility, storage instability, toxicity, and explosiveness. We report the application of trifluoroacetaldehyde -tosylhydrazone as a CFCHN precursor capable of generating in situ trifluorodiazoethane under mild basic conditions.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thymidine Analogs Containing 1-1,2,3-Triazolyl, 1-Tetrazolyl, and 2-Tetrazolyl Fragments.

3'-Azidothymidine (AZT) reacts with 1-propargyl-5-R-1- and 2-propargyl-5-R-2-tetrazoles (R = H, Me, CHCOOEt, CHCON(CH), Ph, 2-CH-CH, or 4-NO-CH) the Cu(I)-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition to give 3'-modified thymidine analogs incorporating 1-1,2,3-triazolyl, 1-, and 2-tetrazolyl fragments in 41-76% yield. The structures of the obtained compounds have been elucidated by means of HRESI-MS, H and C{H} NMR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction {for 3'-[4-(1-5-,-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyltetrazol-1-yl)-1-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]thymidine }. biological evaluation of the prepared compounds has been performed; they have exhibited low activity against phenotypic HIV-1.

Natural Mechanism of Origination and Conservation of Monochirality of Amino Acids.

The proteins belonging to different organisms as well as the natural amino acids as incorporated into proteins occurring free in tissues and lymphatic fluids are, as a rule, levorotatory. This article contains a simple explanation of this structural discrimination and of the extremely slow racemization of natural organic substances.

[Modern aspects of pathogenesis of the trauma of the spinal cord and trunks of peripheral nerves].

In pathogenesis of the traumatic disease of the spinal cord, two mechanisms of the injuries of its neuronal apparatus are defined: primary (necrosis) and secondary (apoptosis). In the work a participation of a number of internal causes in the progression of apoptosis in injury of the spinal cord and peripheral nerve trunks, the role of those remains little-studied up to date, is discussed.

Life Origination Hydrate Theory (LOH-Theory) and the explanation of the biological diversification.

The Life Origination Hydrate Theory (LOH-Theory) considers the life origination process as a sequence of thermodynamically caused regular and inevitable chemical transformations regulated by universal physical and chemical laws. The LOH-Theory bears on a number of experimental, thermodynamic, observation, and simulation researches. N-bases, riboses, nucleosides, and nucleotides and DNAs and RNAs are formed repeatedly within structural cavities of localizations of underground and underseabed honeycomb CH4-hydrate deposits from CH4 and nitrate and phosphate ions that diffused into the hydrate structures; proto-cells and their agglomerates originated from these DNAs and from the same minerals in the semi-liquid soup after liquation of the hydrate structures.

[Some of criteria in the evaluation of severity and prognosis with different forms of acute pancreatitis].

Unlabelled: The aim of the research is to improve diagnosis and assessment of severity and prognosis with different forms of acute pancreatitis. In 79 patients were studied levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, leucocyte intoxication index (LII), the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG), creatinephosphokinase (CPK), amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

Results: The level of leukocytes reflects the severity of the disease, but had no prognostic value.

[The efficacy of the acute pancreatitis' surgical treatment].

The comparative analysis of blood levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, the leukocytic intoxication index, amylase, lipase, lactatdehydrogenase and creatinphosphokinase, measured in operated patients with the acute pancreatitis, demonstrated the general positive dynamics of the patients condition. The higher blood levels of the substances in died patients demonstrate the important prognostic value of them. The higher levels of amylase, lipase, lactatdehydrogenase and creatinphosphokinase by the end of the clinical treatment together with the normalization of the rest laboratory data may witness the higher risk of the chronisation of the pancreatitis.

[Indices of tissue necrosis markers in acute pyo-destructive diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity].

Investigation of indices of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in a group of patients with extensive necrotic alterations in organs of the abdominal cavity and in a group of patients without extensive necroses has shown that in the first group there were higher levels of LDG and CPK. It shows that the LDG and CPK indices may be used as markers of tissue necrosis of the abdominal organs. In addition, in patients who died against the background of growing polyorganic insufficiency the LDG and CPK level by the end of treatment was statistically reliably higher than on admission of the same patients that may be an indicator of growing phenomena of dystrophy and micronecroses in vitals, so the indices of LDG and CPK may show the degree of severity of polyorganic insufficiency and determine its prognosis.

Life Origination Hydrate Hypothesis (LOH-Hypothesis).

The paper develops the Life Origination Hydrate Hypothesis (LOH-hypothesis), according to which living-matter simplest elements (LMSEs, which are N-bases, riboses, nucleosides, nucleotides), DNA- and RNA-like molecules, amino-acids, and proto-cells repeatedly originated on the basis of thermodynamically controlled, natural, and inevitable processes governed by universal physical and chemical laws from CH4, niters, and phosphates under the Earth's surface or seabed within the crystal cavities of the honeycomb methane-hydrate structure at low temperatures; the chemical processes passed slowly through all successive chemical steps in the direction that is determined by a gradual decrease in the Gibbs free energy of reacting systems. The hypothesis formulation method is based on the thermodynamic directedness of natural movement and consists ofan attempt to mentally backtrack on the progression of nature and thus reveal principal milestones alongits route. The changes in Gibbs free energy are estimated for different steps of the living-matter origination process; special attention is paid to the processes of proto-cell formation.

[Severity assessment and prognosis definition in patients with the acute pancreatitis].

Investigation of white blood cell and lymphocyte concentration and white blood cell intoxication index (WBCII), integral systems APACHE II and Ranson reliably reflected the severity of clinical status in patients with acute pancreatitis and had prognostic value. At the same time white blood cell concentration and indices of APACHE II reflected to lesser extent the severity of clinical status, and white blood cell concentration didn't have any prognostic value. Application of lymphocyte concentration and WBCII can be recommended in urgent surgery for evaluation of clinical status and prognosis at early stages of diagnostics and treatment of acute pancreatitis.

[Risk factors for recurrent inguinal hernia].

Plasty of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal during herniotomy is considered the main risk factor for recurrent inguinal hernia. Plasty of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal for oblique inguinal hernia is simultaneously a prophylactic measure to prevent the development of direct inguinal hernia in future. 5 types of relapses are defined depending on the localization, tactical and technical mistakes during herniotomy.

[Pancreatic tissue heterotopy in the stomach of a patient with complications due to peptic ulcerative disease].

In the literature there are reports on rare pancreatic tissue heterotopy that promotes the complicated course of duodenal or gastric ulcerative disease. In this connection, the authors have decided to share their observation of a 41-year-old female patient admitted to a hospital for perforated ulcer and ulcerous hemorrhage. Another ulcerative stenosis and ulcer penetration into the pancreas were found at surgery.

[Assessment of severity assessment and prognosis of pyodestructive abdominal diseases (with editor's comment)].

Leukocytic index of intoxication (LII), number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in blood were compared with clinical symptoms and histological examination of removed organs in patients with acute pyodestructive diseases of abdominal organs. Correlation between LII and inflammation severity was revealed. It is also demonstrated that high LII with low level of lymphocytes is a negative prognostic sign.