Startle evokes nearly identical movements in multi-jointed, two-dimensional reaching tasks.

StartReact is the ability of the startle reflex to involuntarily release a planned movement in the presence of a loud acoustic stimulus resulting in muscle activity patterns and kinematics that are tightly regulated and scaled with the intended action. Previous studies demonstrated startReact's robustness during simple single-joint reaching tasks and found no difference between startReact and voluntary movements for movement kinematics and muscle activation patterns. However, startReact has not been evaluated during multi-joint reaching movements with multiple degrees of freedom.

Profile of adverse events with duloxetine treatment: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies.

Background: The serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor duloxetine has been approved in the US and elsewhere for a number of indications, including psychiatric illnesses and chronic pain conditions. Because the patient populations are diverse within these approved indications, and duloxetine is not yet approved for treatment of other conditions, we wanted to determine if adverse event profiles would differ among patients being treated for these various conditions.

Objective: To provide detailed information on the adverse events associated with duloxetine and to identify differences in the adverse event profile between treatment indications and patient demographic subgroups.

The placebo response in pain and depression: in search of a common pathway.

The placebo effect has been extensively studied in many disease states, some of the most notable being pain and depression. Utilizing a Medline search, studies were identified that reported on areas of the brain shown to be involved in either placebo analgesia or mood response. This paper presents a distillation of this research, in an effort to identify a common "placebo pathway" between mood and pain.

Duloxetine, a centrally acting analgesic, in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis knee pain: a 13-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Pain is a common cause of disability in osteoarthritis. Duloxetine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), has demonstrated analgesic effects in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and fibromyalgia. Considering its central mechanism of action, duloxetine may be effective in other pain states with evidence of central sensitization.

A double-blind, randomized trial of duloxetine versus placebo in the management of chronic low back pain.

Background: Duloxetine has demonstrated analgesic effect in chronic pain states. This study assesses the efficacy of duloxetine in chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Methods: Adult patients with non-radicular CLBP entered this 13-week, double-blind, randomized study comparing duloxetine 20, 60 or 120 mg once daily with placebo.

Safety and efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in older patients.

Objective: We present a post-hoc analysis of the safety and efficacy of duloxetine, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) in older patients.

Methods: Data from three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in adult patients with DPNP were pooled and stratified by age (<65, >or=65 years). Patients were randomized to duloxetine (DLX) 60 mg once-daily, 60 mg twice-daily, or placebo for 12 weeks, followed by a 52-week extension phase (re-randomization to routine care or DLX 120 mg/day).

Clinical evidence for serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition of duloxetine.

Most antidepressants in clinical use are believed to function by enhancing neurotransmission of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and/or norepinephrine (NE) via inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake. Agents that affect reuptake of both 5-HT and NE (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) have been postulated to offer greater efficacy for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). These dual-acting agents also display a broader spectrum of action, including efficacy for MDD and associated painful physical symptoms, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, generalized anxiety disorder, and fibromyalgia syndrome.

Efficacy of duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: comparisons as assessed by remission rates in patients with major depressive disorder.

It has been proposed that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in higher remission rates of major depressive disorder than therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). To test this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of individual patient data (N = 1833) was performed for the complete set of 6 phase II/III studies that compared duloxetine (fixed doses; range, 40-120 mg/d) with 2 SSRIs (paroxetine or fluoxetine; 20 mg/d) in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Remission was defined as an end point score of less than or equal to 7 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD17); alternate outcome criteria were also examined, as were remission rates among the 1044 patients with moderate-to-severe depression (HAMD17 total score greater than or equal to 19).

A retrospective pooled analysis of duloxetine safety in 23,983 subjects.

Objective: The safety and tolerability of duloxetine for major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP), fibromyalgia, and lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD) (including female stress urinary incontinence [SUI] and other LUTDs) has been established in individual clinical studies. The objective of this manuscript is to characterize the overall safety profile of duloxetine, regardless of indication, based on data from the duloxetine exposures integrated safety database.

Research Design And Methods: The duloxetine exposures integrated safety database was examined using pooled data from 23,983 patients randomized to receive duloxetine in 64 studies for MDD, GAD, DPNP, fibromyalgia, or LUTDs.