On the Brazilian Exocnophila stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea), with the description of a new species.

Several stick insects occurring in Brazil belong to the Diapheromerinae. Before this work, the Brazilian genus Exocnophila contained three species known only from females, Exocnophila exintegra Zompro, 2001, Exocnophila tuberculata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) and Exocnophila cornuta (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907). Based on recently collected material, we found that the males of Exocnophila are assigned to another genus in the Diapheromerinae, the heterogeneous Bacteria.

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae).

Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are a moderately diverse order that comprises almost 3,500 extant species of large to very large often impressively camouflaged nocturnal herbivores. The order also stands out as one of the few insect orders that have until lately lacked a robust higher-level phylogeny and still the relationships between many New World taxa in particular remain unknown. The Diapheromerinae is one of the main lineages of the Occidophasmata and comprises a bulk of the diversity of New World stick insects.

A new species (Phasmatodea, Diapheromerinae, Cladomorformia) discovered from Ecuador's enigmatic Chocó ecoregion.

This study presents a description of a new stick insect species belonging to the genus Shelford, 1909, discovered by the authors in the Chocó ecoregion of northwestern Ecuador. is described and illustrated based on males, females, and eggs. The distinctive features of this new species, such as its unique body ornamentation and the morphology of its egg structure without fringes, clearly differentiate it from other known species within the genus.

The types of Phasmatodea (= Phasmida) deposited in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ).

Type specimens of 42 taxa of Phasmatodea (including probable type specimens of 14 taxa) have been located in the Eidgenössisches Technisches Hochschulzentrum, Zürich. The species are listed alphabetically, with the number of specimens, sex and locality data. Some minor taxonomic changes are proposed: 1 new combination, 1 revised combination, 2 lectotype designations.

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini).

The genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838 is redescribed and revised at the species level. It is distributed throughout most of Central America, the northern half of South America and also has one species on the Lesser Antilles. Detailed descriptions, notes on intraspecific variability and illustrations are provided for all six known species.

Macroevolutionary Analyses Provide New Evidence of Phasmid Wings Evolution as a Reversible Process.

The concept that complex ancestral traits can never be recovered after their loss is still widely accepted, despite phylogenetic and molecular approaches suggest instances where phenotypes may have been lost throughout the evolutionary history of a clade and subsequently reverted back in derived lineages. One of the first and most notable examples of such a process is wing evolution in phasmids; this polyneopteran order of insects, which comprises stick and leaf insects, has played a central role in initiating a long-standing debate on the topic. In this study, a novel and comprehensive time tree including over 300 Phasmatodea species is used as a framework for investigating wing evolutionary patterns in the clade.

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXIV: Andeocalynda n. gen., a new genus of Andean stick insects, with the descriptions of nine new species from Colombia and Ecuador (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae).

The new genus Andeocalynda n. gen. is described and the supposed relationships are discussed.

Phylomitogenomics provides new perspectives on the Euphasmatodea radiation (Insecta: Phasmatodea).

Phasmatodea species diversity lies almost entirely within its suborder Euphasmatodea, which exhibits a pantropical distribution and is considered to derive from a recent and rapid evolutionary radiation. To shed light on Euphasmatodea origins and diversification, we assembled the mitogenomes of 17 species from transcriptomic sequencing data and analysed them along with 22 already available Phasmatodea mitogenomes and 33 mitogenomes representing most of the Polyneoptera lineages. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches retrieved consistent topologies, both showing the widespread conflict between phylogenetic approaches and traditional systematics.

Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea XX: A new genus and 16 new species from French Guiana.

The present paper describes 16 new species and one new genus from French Guiana and numerous taxonomic changes are proposed prior to the publication of a comprehensive guide to the Phasmatodea of French Guiana. The following 16 new species are described and illustrated: Phanocles procerus n. sp.

Description of the female and egg of Phantasca phantasma (Westwood, 1859) (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae).

The neotropical genus of stick insects, Phantasca Redtenbacher, 1906, was recently revised by Hennemann et al. (2018). However, the females and eggs of several species remain unknown, including all five species recorded from Brazil.

Revision of the Oriental subfamily Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae).

The areolate Oriental family Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1893 is critically reviewed and the results of the present study contradict the arrangement suggested by Zompro (2004), but in most aspects agree with a molecular study presented by Whiting et al (2003) and a phylogenetic study presented by Bradler (2009). The family is critically discussed and new hypotheses are presented for the phylogeny and intra-familiar relationships, placing the subfamily Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1939 as the basalmost clade of Heteropterygidae. The subfamilies Obriminae Brunner v.

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae).

The anareolate New World subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 is reviewed and keys to the six tribes currently included are presented; these are: Cladomorphini Bradley & Galil, 1977, Cladoxerini Karny, 1923, Cranidiini Günther, 1953, Pterinoxylini n. trib., Hesperophasmatini Bradley & Galil, 1977 and Haplopodini Günther, 1953 rev.

A study of the members of the tribe Phasmatini Gray, 1835, that occur within the boundaries of Wallacea (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae: "Lanceocercata").

The tribe Phasmatini Gray, 1835 predominantly includes very striking stick insects of remarkable size, most of which are characteristic for their large and often colourful wings. The tribe represents roughly half of the Giant Stick Insects of Wallacea, a subregion in Eastern Indonesia comprising thousands of islands that are separated by deep water straits from the continental islands to the west (Sundaland: Borneo, Java and Sumatra) and East (New Guinea). Within Wallacea the Phasmatini are represented by four genera, namely Anchiale Stål, 1875, Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838, Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908 and Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796.

Parectadial, a monoterpenoid from the defensive spray of Parectatosoma mocquerysi.

The defensive secretion of Parectatosoma mocquerysi, a walkingstick insect from Madagascar, was determined to contain glucose, water, and a new monoterpene, parectadial, (4S)-(3-oxoprop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde. Here, we describe the elucidation of parectadial's molecular structure and absolute configuration via microsample NMR technology, GC-MS, CD, chiral GC-FID, and synthesis from enantiomerically pure (S)- and (R)-perillaldehyde. This work demonstrates the value of walkingstick insects as sources of new bioactive compounds and provides an analytical framework for identifying such substances.