Optimizing Outcomes in Gallbladder Cancer: Identifying Predictors of Futile Up-Front Surgery in a Global Multi-center Study.

Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stages, with surgery often offering limited survival benefit. This study aimed to identify risk factors for futile surgery (FS), defined as procedures followed by early recurrence or death.

Methods: An international cohort of 788 patients who underwent up-front GBC surgery across 18 centers was analyzed.